Underage and Unrecorded: Alcohol Consumption and its Health Risk for the Youth Case Study in Bandung, West Java

Underage consumption of unrecorded alcohol is a major threat to the youth in Bandung City. In this study, 48% of all students who confirmed that they drink alcohol reported that they started drinking when they were in senior high school (15 – 17 years old). Alarmingly, 12% started drinking while they were primary school age (6 – 12 years old), and 20% began while in junior high school (13 – 15 years old). Ministry of Trade Regulation (MOT) 20/2014, MOT 06/2015, and Bandung City Regional Regulation (BCRR) 11/2010 all fail to curb underage drinking. The volume of alcohol that Indonesians consume is not the problem as they drink much less than citizens of other countries. In 2015, Euromonitor International stated that annual sales volume per capita of recorded alcohol in Indonesia was only 2.26 liters. This number is much lower than in Thailand and Turkey that reached 47.63 liters and 15.88 liters respectively. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Indonesians only consume 0.6 liters of pure alcohol annually per capita, lower than the South-East Asian average (3.4 liters) and also lower than in the Arab World (0.7 liters). The problem is, instead, what people consume. The most vital threat to Indonesian youth is oplosan, a type of unrecorded alcohol that can contain non-food ingredients, such as mosquito repellant, headache pills, and battery fluids. When methyl alcohol (methanol) is added, consuming oplosan can lead to seizures, organ failure, and death. 32% of all alcohol-consuming students surveyed for this study have consumed oplosan. Bandung and the surrounding area appear to be a hot spot for oplosan-related deaths. In the Greater Bandung area there were 40 reported deaths attributed to oplosan between January 2008 and December 2013. From January 2014 to April 10, 2018, however, the reported deaths more than doubled and reached 90 cases. On average, there is one death per 615,000 people every year in this region. This is nearly five times higher than the national average of one death per 3 million people per year

Fighting Unrecorded Alcohol : A Policy Priority for Bandung, West Java

In April 2018 a hundred Indonesians died from drinking unrecorded alcohol, most of them in the Greater Bandung area in West Java province. This confirmed findings of the Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (CIPS) that the death rate from unrecorded alcohol in Greater Bandung area during the last 10 years was almost five times higher than in the rest of the country. From 2008 through 10 April 2018, 16.3 deaths from unrecorded alcohol per 1 million people were reported in the Greater Bandung area, compared to 3.4 deaths per 1 million people nationwide. The government controls the distribution of alcohol with heavy import and excise duties. All vendors need licenses and cannot sell to customers under the age of 21. Ministry of Trade Regulation 06/2015 also prohibits the sale of alcoholic drinks in local minimarkets and convenience stores. Over 150 local government regulations restrict the distribution and consumption of alcohol. The Bandung City Regional Regulation 11/2010 (BCRR 11/2010) prohibits traders from operating near places of worship, schools and hospitals. Unfortunately, government regulations do not effectively protect Indonesian consumers and must be seen as a factor causing black markets. A CIPS survey was conducted among alcohol consumers in Bandung in early 2018. It showed that 45% obtained their alcohol from unlicensed kiosks. Underage drinking also remains a problem as 21% of the respondents were between 14 and 20 years old. Indonesia’s consumption of alcohol does not pose a public policy concern because according to estimates of the World Health Organization (WHO) it remains low at 0.6 liter per head per year. The problem lies, instead, with unrecorded alcohol, which accounts for 80% of the national alcohol consumption (WHO, 2014). The CIPS survey found that 41% of the alcohol consumers in Bandung drank unrecorded alcohol of the “oplosan” type, which is a dangerous mix of potentially lethal ingredients. 54% bought their oplosan in kiosks. Stricter law enforcement is necessary to fight unrecorded alcohol, to control the licenses of liquor vendors, and to prevent underage drinking. However, law enforcement alone will not succeed and black markets for unrecorded alcohol will prevail, if the government continues to restrict accessibility and affordability of recorded alcohol. CIPS, therefore, recommends lower excise and import duties to make recorded alcohol more affordable. The national government should revoke the current ban on alcohol sales in minimarkets and local governments, including Bandung, should also review their local restrictions. Improving accessibility and affordability of recorded alcohol will not just replace one type of alcohol with another. Recorded alcohol only poses a risk when consumed in large quantities, which is not common in Indonesia. Meanwhile, unrecorded alcohol, even when consumed in small quantities, carries a tremendous risk caused by its potentially lethal ingredients. A shift to recorded alcohol saves lives

Perbedaan Profil Lipid Pada Remaja Obes Dan Tidak Obes Di Kecamatan Bolangitang Barat

: Obesity might cause dyslipidemia, marked by increased cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels, as well as reduced HDL level. Dyslipidemia is related to atherosclerosis that can result in cardiovascular diseases. This study was aimed to identify differences of lipid profiles in obese and non-obese teenagers at West Bolangitang, North Bolaang Mongondow. This was an observational analytical study with a cross sectional design conducted from October to November 2016. Subjects were 60 teenagers obtained by using consecutive sampling method and were divided into two groups: obese (29 teenagers) and non-obese (31 teenagers). Lipid profile examinations were performed on all of them. Statistical analysis of total cholesterol level of the two groups used independent t test (p=0.002) dan Pearson correlation test (p=0.028). The normality test of triglyseride level showed that data were not normally distributed, therefore, the analysis was continued with Mann-Whitney test (p=0.328) and Spearman correlation test (p=0.542). The normality test of LDL level showed that data were not normally distributed, therefore, the analysis was continued with Mann-Whitney test (p=0.004) and Spearman correlation test (p=0.032). The normality test of HDL level showed that data were not normally distributed, therefore, the analysis was continued with Mann-Whitney test (p=0.063) and Spearman correlation test (p=0.054). Conclusion: There were significant differences of total cholesterol and LDL levels but there were no significant differences of triglyceride and HDL levels between obese teenagers and non-obese teenagers

Memerangi Alkohol Ilegal : Prioritas Kebijakan di Bandung, Jawa Barat

Pada April 2018, seratus penduduk Indonesia tewas karena mengonsumsi alkohol ilegal. Mayoritas korban merupakan penduduk Bandung Raya, Jawa Barat. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (CIPS) menemukan bahwa dalam 10 tahun terakhir, korban jiwa akibat konsumsi alkohol ilegal di Bandung Raya hampir 5 kali lebih tinggi daripada wilayah lainnya di Indonesia. Dari tahun 2008 hingga 10 April 2018, jika dirata-rata, ada 16,3 kasus kematian akibat alkohol ilegal dalam setiap 1 juta penduduk di Bandung Raya, sementara “hanya” ada 3,40 kasus kematian dalam setiap 1 juta penduduk di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Pemerintah mengendalikan distribusi minuman beralkohol melalui bea impor dan cukai yang tinggi. Semua penjualnya harus memilki izin dan dilarang menjual kepada orang di bawah usia 21 tahun. Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan (Permendag) 06/2015 juga melarang penjualan minuman beralkohol di toko kelontong modern/minimarket maupun toko serba ada/convenience store. Terdapat lebih dari 150 peraturan daerah yang membatasi distribusi dan konsumsi alkohol, termasuk Peraturan Daerah (Perda) Kota Bandung 11/2010 yang melarang penjualan alkohol di sekitar lingkungan tempat ibadah, sekolah dan rumah sakit. Sayangnya, peraturan pemerintah tidak efektif dalam melindungi konsumen Indonesia dan justru harus dilihat sebagai faktor yang menyebabkan munculnya pasar gelap. Survei CIPS di awal tahun 2018 menunjukkan bahwa 45% dari responden mendapatkan alkohol mereka melalui warung-warung yang tidak memiliki izin. Peminum di bawah umur juga menjadi masalah, sebagaimana ditunjukkan oleh 21% responden survei yang berusia 14 – 20 tahun. Jumlah konsumsi alkohol di Indonesia bukanlah masalah utama. Badan Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mengestimasi tingkat konsumsi alkohol di Indonesia tergolong rendah, yaitu 0,6 liter per orang per tahun. Permasalahannya justru terletak pada alkohol ilegal yang proporsinya mencapai 80% dari total konsumsi alkohol nasional (WHO, 2014). Survei CIPS menemukan bahwa 41% peminum alkohol di Bandung mengonsumsi alkohol ilegal berjenis “oplosan”, yang merupakan campuran berbahaya dari bahan-bahan yang berpotensi mematikan. Penegakan hukum yang lebih tegas diperlukan guna memerangi alkohol ilegal dan mencegah peminum di bawah umur. Namun, penegakan hukum saja tidaklah cukup. Pasar gelap alkohol ilegal akan terus ada jika pemerintah terus menutup akses dan keterjangkauan alkohol legal. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah sebaiknya menurunkan cukai dan bea impor sehingga harga alkohol legal lebih terjangkau. Pemerintah pusat seyogyanya juga mencabut larangan penjualan alkohol di minimarket maupun toko serba ada. Selain itu, pemerintah daerah, termasuk Bandung, juga sebaiknya mengkaji kembali larangan alkohol di daerah mereka masing-masing. Meningkatkan aksesibilitas dan keterjangkauan alkohol legal tidak hanya akan menggantikan satu jenis alkohol dengan jenis lainnya. Alkohol legal hanya berisiko tinggi jika dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang banyak, yang mana bukan merupakan sesuatu yang umum di Indonesia. Sebaliknya, alkohol ilegal, walaupun hanya dikonsumsi dalam jumlah yang sedikit, menyimpan risiko besar akibat bahan-bahan yang berpotensi mematikan yang terkandung di dalamnya. Pergeseran ke alkohol legal justru dapat menyelamatkan banyak nyawa

On subgroups generated by small classes in finite groups

Let $G$ be a finite group and $M(G)$ be the subgroup of $G$ generated by all non-central elements of $G$ that lie in the conjugacy classes of the smallest size. Recently several results have been proved regarding the nilpotency class of $M(G)$ and $F(M(G))$, where $F(M(G))$ denotes the Fitting subgroup of $M(G)$. We prove some conditional results regarding the nilpotency class of $M(G)$.Comment: 5 pages, re-written in a new forma

PELATIHAN DAN PENGENALAN STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR LAYANAN DI RESTORAN HOTEL BINTANG LIMA

PkM ini berupaya untuk membahas mengenai keberadaan Standar Operasional Prosedur yang bersifat krusial dalam restoran, terutama jika membicarakan mengenai Food & Beverage Service. Standar Operasional Prosedur dapat dipandang sebagai sebuah arahan baik bagi setiap individu yang terlibat dalam kegiatan pekerjaan maupun pelatihan. Seperti yang diketahui, bahwa sektor Food & Beverage sangat berkaitan dengan pelayanan. Metode yang diterapkan penulis untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh mitra Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat adalah melalui metode pelatihan. Melalui kegiatan ini, diharapkan setiap peserta mampu untuk memahami pentingnya layanan yang dilakukan kepada tamu, terlebih kepada tamu restoran. PkM ini juga diharapkan mampu menjadi sebuah kegiatan praktik bagi setiap peserta untuk mempersiapkan diri sebaik mungkin dan memperluas wawasan siswa siswi ketika melakukan service di masa mendatan

Identification of extracellular glycerophosphodiesterases in Pseudomonas and their role in soil organic phosphorus remineralisation

In soils, phosphorus (P) exists in numerous organic and inorganic forms. However, plants can only acquire inorganic orthophosphate (Pi), meaning global crop production is frequently limited by P availability. To overcome this problem, rock phosphate fertilisers are heavily applied, often with negative environmental and socio-economic consequences. The organic P fraction of soil contains phospholipids that are rapidly degraded resulting in the release of bioavailable Pi. However, the mechanisms behind this process remain unknown. We identified and experimentally confirmed the function of two secreted glycerolphosphodiesterases, GlpQI and GlpQII, found in Pseudomonas stutzeri DSM4166 and Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25, respectively. A series of co-cultivation experiments revealed that in these Pseudomonas strains, cleavage of glycerolphosphorylcholine and its breakdown product G3P occurs extracellularly allowing other bacteria to benefit from this metabolism. Analyses of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets revealed that this trait is widespread among soil bacteria with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria, specifically Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria, the likely major players

Fabrication of arrays of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanodots via block copolymer self-assembly

This Article presents a simple methodology for the fabrication of two-dimensional arrays of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanodots on n-doped Si substrates via the directed self-assembly of PS-b-PEO block copolymer templates. The approach produces highly ordered PZT nanodot patterns, with lateral widths and heights as small as 20 and 10 nm, respectively, and a coverage density as high as ∼68 × 109 nanodots cm–2. The existence of a perovskite phase in the nanodots was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The piezo-amplitude and ferroelectric domain response obtained from the nanodots, through piezoresponse force microscopy, confirmed the presence of ferroelectricity in the PZT arrays. Notably, PZT nanodots with a thickness ∼10 nm, which is close to the critical size limit of PZT, showed ferroelectric behavior. The presence of a multi-a/c domain structure in the nanodots was attributed to their polycrystalline nature