Gifford-McMahon refrigerator with split cold head

Leybold-Heraeus Co. have developed, built and successfully tested a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler with splitted cold head for cooling a cryopump. The refrigerating part of the cold head and the gas flow control device have been separated (splitted cold head) and the distance between them is bridged by only two thin lines for carrying the working gas. Due to this separation the size of the refrigerating part is virtually defined only by the size of the displacers whilst the gas flow control device can be of any desired design. It has been shown that dimensioning of the connecting lines and the corresponding losses became less critical with increasing size of the expander, but additional cooling in proportion to the refrigerating capacity is required

Volume Dependence of the Pion Mass from Renormalization Group Flows

We investigate finite volume effects on the pion mass and the pion decay constant with renormalization group (RG) methods in the framework of a phenomenological model for QCD. An understanding of such effects is important in order to interpret results from lattice QCD and extrapolate reliably from finite lattice volumes to infinite volume. We consider the quark-meson-model in a finite Euclidean 3+1 dimensional volume. In order to break chiral symmetry in the finite volume, we introduce a small current quark mass. In the corresponding effective potential for the meson fields, the chiral O(4)-symmetry is broken explicitly, and the sigma and pion fields are treated individually. Using the proper-time renormalization group, we derive renormalization group flow equations in the finite volume and solve these equations in the approximation of a constant expectation value. We calculate the volume dependence of pion mass and pion decay constant and compare our results with recent results from chiral perturbation theory in finite volume.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, talk given at "Hadronic Physics 2004 - Joint meeting Heidelberg-Liege-Paris-Rostock", to appear in the proceedings, AIP conference serie

25 kHz narrow spectral bandwidth of a wavelength tunable diode laser with a short waveguide-based external cavity

We report on the spectral properties of a diode laser with a tunable external cavity in integrated optics. Even though the external cavity is short compared to other small-bandwidth external cavity lasers, the spectral bandwidth of this tunable laser is as small as 25 kHz (FWHM), at a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) of 50 dB. Our laser is also able to access preset wavelengths in as little as 200 us and able to tune over the full telecom C-band (1530 nm - 1565 nm).Comment: 8 pages, 7 figure

Large Perceptual Distortions Of Locomotor Action Space Occur In Ground-Based Coordinates: Angular Expansion And The Large-Scale Horizontal-Vertical Illusion

What is the natural reference frame for seeing large-scale spatial scenes in locomotor action space? Prior studies indicate an asymmetric angular expansion in perceived direction in large-scale environments: Angular elevation relative to the horizon is perceptually exaggerated by a factor of 1.5, whereas azimuthal direction is exaggerated by a factor of about 1.25. Here participants made angular and spatial judgments when upright or on their sides to dissociate egocentric from allocentric reference frames. In Experiment 1, it was found that body orientation did not affect the magnitude of the up-down exaggeration of direction, suggesting that the relevant orientation reference frame for this directional bias is allocentric rather than egocentric. In Experiment 2, the comparison of large-scale horizontal and vertical extents was somewhat affected by viewer orientation, but only to the extent necessitated by the classic (5%) horizontal-vertical illusion (HVI) that is known to be retinotopic. Large-scale vertical extents continued to appear much larger than horizontal ground extents when observers lay sideways. When the visual world was reoriented in Experiment 3, the bias remained tied to the ground-based allocentric reference frame. The allocentric HVI is quantitatively consistent with differential angular exaggerations previously measured for elevation and azimuth in locomotor space. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved

Large-Scale Radio Structure in the Universe: Giant Radio Galaxies

Giant radio galaxies (GRGs), with linear sizes larger than 1 Mpc (H0=50 km/s/Mpc), represent the biggest single objects in the Universe. GRGs are rare among the entire population of radio galaxies (RGs) and their physical evolution is not well understood though for many years they have been of special interest for several reasons. The lobes of radio sources can compress cold gas clumps and trigger star or even dwarf galaxy formation, they can also transport gas from a host galaxy to large distances and seed the IGM with magnetic fields. Since GRGs have about 10 to 100 times larger sizes than normal RGs, their influence on the ambient medium is correspondingly wider and is pronounced on scales comparable to those of clusters of galaxies or larger. Therefore `giants' could play an important role in the process of large-scale structure formation in the Universe. Recently, thanks to the new all sky radio surveys, significant progress in searching for new GRGs has been made.Comment: To appear in Multiwavelength AGN Surveys, ed. R. Maiolino and R. Mujica, Singapore: World Scientific, 2004, 2 page

Influence of quark boundary conditions on the pion mass in finite volume

We calculate the mass shift for the pion in a finite volume with renormalization group (RG) methods in the framework of the quark-mesons model. In particular, we investigate the importance of the quark effects on the pion mass. As in lattice gauge theory, the choice of quark boundary conditions has a noticeable effect on the pion mass shift in small volumes, in addition to the shift due to pion interactions. We compare our results to chiral perturbation theory calculations and find differences due to the fact that chiral perturbation theory only considers pion effects in the finite volume.Comment: 24 pages, 5 figures, RevTex4, published version, discussion of lattice results extende