Plagiochila rutilans (Hepaticae): A poorly known species from tropical America

The neotropical liverwort, Plagiochila rutilans Lindenb., is conspecific with P. remotifolia Hampe and Gottsche, P. farlowii Steph., P. harrisana Steph, and P. organensis Herzog. Plagiochila standleyi Carl is reduced to a variety of P. rutilans. Plagiochila gymnocalycina (Lehm. and Lindenb.) Mont. and P. portoricensis Hampe and Gottsche (= P. simplex (Sw.) Lindenb.) are excluded from the synonymy of P. rutilans. Plagiochila rutilans var. liebmanniana Gottsche is a synonym of P. crispabilis Lindenb.; P. rutilans var. laxa Lindenb. and var. angustifolia Herzog are conspecific with P. gymnocalycina. Sporophytes of P. rutilans are described for the first time. Fresh material of P. rutilans exhibits a distinct odor of peppermint caused by the presence of several menthane monoterpenoids, principally pulegone. NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) fingerprints and GC-MS data indicate that the lipophilic secondary metabolite profiles are distinct for the two varieties accepted in this study

Molecular, morphological, and phytochemical evidence for a broad species concept of Plagiochila bifaria (Hepaticae)

Debate over the synonymy of the European Plagiochila killarniensis and the Neotropical P bifaria of R sect. Arrectae has focused on differences in secondary metabolite composition. The broad morphological species concept of R bifaria proposed in recent papers has now been tested by comparing nrDNA ITS1 and ITS2 sequences of R bifaria populations encompassing several different morpho- and chemotypes from the British Isles, Tenerife, Costa Rica, Brazil, Ecuador, and Bolivia, with sequences of other species of R sects. Arrectae, Rutilantes, and Fuscoluteae. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that specimens of P. bifaria form a well supported clade within Plagiochila sect. Arrectae. Sequences of R bifaria from the British Isles, Tenerife, and Ecuador, representing the "methyl everninate" chemotype, form a well supported subclade within the P bifaria clade. Sequences of specimens from Costa Rica, Brazil, and Bolivia are placed in the basal part of the R bifaria clade. The data support a broad species concept of P bifaria. The different chemotypes do not warrant distinct taxonomic ranks. Plagiochila centrifuga and P. compressula are treated as new synonyms of R bifaria

Integration of Host Plant Resistance and Insecticides in the Control of \u3ci\u3eNephotettix virescens\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera: Cicadelli-dae), a Vector of Rice Tungro Virus

Combined effects of levels of vector resistance and insecticide application in control of rice tungro virus (RTV) were determined in three field tests. Cultivar “IR28,” with high levels of resistance to the vector, Nephotettix virescens (Distant), had low RTV infection in all treatments including the untreated check. In moderately resistant “IR36,” RTV decreased with an increase in level of insecticide but did not decrease to a level equaling the untreated “IR28.” The N. virescens-susceptible cultivar “IR22” had extremely high levels of RTV infection at all insecticide levels. Economic analysis indicated that gross profit and net gain were highest in the N. virescens-resistant “IR28,” intermediate in moderately resistant “IR36,” and lowest in susceptible “IR22.

The systematic position of Plagiochila moritziana, P. trichostoma and P. deflexa based on ITS sequence variation of nuclear ribosomal DNA, morphology, and lipophilic secondary metabolites

According to phylogenetic analyses of nrDNA ITS1 and ITS2 sequences (including the 5.8S unit) the Neotropical Plagiochila moritziana, P. rutilans var. rutilans, P. rutilans var. standleyi, P. trichostoma (= P. permista, syn. nov.), and P. subtrinitensis form a monophyletic lineage and are placed in P. sect. Rutilantes; all five taxa lack a ca 20 base pair sequence that is present in all the taxa of the other Plagiochila sections investigated. The Central American P. subtrinitensis is treated as a synonym of the Hawaiian endemic P. deflexa. Plagiochila moritziana is excluded from sect. Fuscoluteae and reduced to a variety of P. rutilans; P. sect. Permistae is treated as a synonym of P. sect. Rutilantes. The sporophytes of P. trichostoma and P. deflexa are described for the first time. Fresh material of P. rutilans var. moritziana exhibits a distinct odor of peppermint caused by the presence of several menthane monoterpenoids, principally pulegone. The Central American P. rutilans var. standleyi is reported from Ecuador, new to South America. Lectotypes are designated for P. rutilans var. moritziana, P. subtrinitensis, and P. trichostoma

Moving beyond (critical) reflection towards diffraction: A composting guide for world language(s) education

Professional and personal obligations have required us to engage in (critical) reflection as world language educators of Spanish, German, English and Indonesia. While we have sought to engage in nuanced and insightful examples of this, we cannot help but feel that our reliance on conventional strategies for (critical) reflection do not move beyond mirroring sameness and a corrective logic. As a result, we have turned towards Donna Haraway’s compost metaphor to highlight the transemiotic, techno-science and non-linguistic data that we may previously have missed. In addition, we attempt Donna Haraway and Karen Barad’s diffractive methodology for exploring the potential differences in our language practices and considering why these matter as a way to move beyond conventional (critical) reflection. Drawing on social media scroll-back interviews, we explore a range of alternative data (hesitation, affect, wonder, avoidance and shame-interest) that we sensed with(in) the entangled personal-professional conversations between ourselves and our Facebook timelines. Rather than suggesting a prescriptive method(ology) moving beyond critical reflection in world language education research, we instead offer our own intra-disciplinary example as a possible, experimental guide for others working in this spac

Libraries as Repositories of Popular Culture: Is Popular Culture Still Forgotten?

Purpose – To replicate a study done in 1992 on the bibliographic availability of 55 popular culture periodicals sold by a Kroger supermarket in Royal Oak, Michigan. The earlier study asked the question whether time might be a relevant variable for the number of holding libraries. Design/methodology/approach – The authors searched WorldCat for the number of reported library holdings for the same 55 popular culture periodicals and analyzed the results. Findings – 34 periodicals with holdings during both periods had a median increase of 58.4%; but, when the 83.5% increase in OCLC full membership during the same period was taken into account, holdings had a median decrease of 13.7%. For the nineteen cases with no library holdings in 1992, eight (42.1%) now had library holdings including several high circulation periodicals such as Star and Soap Opera Weekly. Practical implications – Popular culture materials read by many American are still not widely available in libraries or are not entered into WorldCat, the prime source for bibliographic holdings. Originality/value – Provides additional statistical evidence on the availability of popular culture materials in libraries

Plant Age Effect on the Level of Resistance of Rice “IR36” to the Green Leafhopper, \u3ci\u3eNephotettix virescens\u3c/i\u3e (Distant) and Rice Tungro Virus

Plant age of a moderately resistant rice cultivar, “IR36,” had a distinct effect on the level of Nephotettix virescens (Distant) resistance. Plants at 10 d after sowing (DAS) were preferred over those at 20, 40, or 60 DAS. N. virescens survival, growth index, and adult weight were higher on plants 20 DAS than on plants 40, 60, or 80 DAS. Although the total amount of honeydew excreted was similar for “IR36” plants of all ages, the reaction of honeydew on filter paper treated with bromocresol green indicated that feeding in the nutrient-rich phloem was highest on the younger plants. Tungro virus transmission was related to extent of phloem feeding, and the percentage of infection was highest on young plants