12,742 research outputs found
Fragmentation, infall, and outflow around the showcase massive protostar NGC7538 IRS1 at 500 AU resolution
Aims: Revealing the fragmentation, infall, and outflow processes in the
immediate environment around massive young stellar objects is crucial for
understanding the formation of the most massive stars. Methods: With this goal
in mind we present the so far highest spatial-resolution thermal submm line and
continuum observations toward the young high-mass protostar NGC7538 IRS1. Using
the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in its most extended configuration at 843mum
wavelength, we achieved a spatial resolution of 0.2"x0.17", corresponding to
~500AU at a distance of 2.7\,kpc. Results: For the first time, we have observed
the fragmentation of the dense inner core of this region with at least three
subsources within the inner 3000 AU. The outflow exhibits blue- and red-shifted
emission on both sides of the central source indicating that the current
orientation has to be close to the line-of-sight, which differs from other
recent models. We observe rotational signatures in northeast-southwest
direction; however, even on scales of 500 AU, we do not identify any Keplerian
rotation signatures. This implies that during the early evolutionary stages any
stable Keplerian inner disk has to be very small (<=500 AU). The high-energy
line HCN(4-3)v2=1 (E_u/k=1050K) is detected over an extent of approximately
3000 AU. In addition to this, the detection of red-shifted absorption from this
line toward the central dust continuum peak position allows us to estimate
infall rates of ~1.8x10^(-3)Msun/yr on the smallest spatial scales. Although
all that gas will not necessarily be accreted onto the central protostar,
nevertheless, such inner core infall rates are among the best proxies of the
actual accretion rates one can derive during the early embedded star formation
phase. These data are consistent with collapse simulations and the observed
high multiplicity of massive stars.Comment: Accepted for Astronomy & Astrophysics, 8 pages, also available at
http://www.mpia.de/homes/beuther/papers.htm
Zur intrinsischen Sauerstoffaffinität: die Primärstruktur eines weiteren Ruminata Hämoglobins. Methionin in βNA2 eines Stirnwaffenträgers, des Nordland-Elches (Alces alces alces).
TRADE GAINS AND WELFARE COSTS OF INCOME STABILIZATION PROGRAMS FOR HOG PRODUCERS IN QUEBEC
The welfare costs of deficiency payments for an exported commodity may, under certain conditions, outweigh the gains from trade. The potential welfare impacts of stabilization programs in the hog sector in Quebec are estimated, based on a partial equilibrium framework, and elasticity estimates drawn from other sources. The results indicate that the loss in surplus in Quebec as a result of deficiency payments is very modest at approximately 14 million.Livestock Production/Industries,
Carbonates in space - The challenge of low temperature data
Carbonates have repeatedly been discussed as possible carriers of stardust
emission bands. However, the band assignments proposed so far were mainly based
on room temperature powder transmission spectra of the respective minerals.
Since very cold calcite grains have been claimed to be present in protostars
and in Planetary Nebulae such as NGC 6302, the changes of their dielectric
functions at low temperatures are relevant from an astronomical point of view.
We have derived the IR optical constants of calcite and dolomite from
reflectance spectra - measured at 300, 200, 100 and 10K - and calculated small
particle spectra for different grain shapes, with the following results: i) The
absorption efficiency factors both of calcite and dolomite are extremely
dependent on the particle shapes. This is due to the high peak values of the
optical constants of CaCO3 and CaMg[CO3]2. ii) The far infrared properties of
calcite and dolomite depend also very significantly on the temperature. Below
200K, a pronounced sharpening and increase in the band strengths of the FIR
resonances occurs. iii) In view of the intrinsic strength and sharpening of the
44 mum band of calcite at 200-100K, the absence of this band -- inferred from
Infrared Space Observatory data -- in PNe requires dust temperatures below 45K.
iv) Calcite grains at such low temperatures can account for the '92' mum band,
while our data rule out dolomite as the carrier of the 60-65 mum band. The
optical constants here presented are publicly available in the electronic
database http://www.astro.uni-jena.de/Laboratory/OCDBComment: 20 pages, 10 figures, accepted by ApJ, corrected typo
Quasiclassical theory for the superconducting proximity effect in Dirac materials
We derive the quasiclassical non-equilibrium Eilenberger and Usadel equations
to first order in quantities small compared to the Fermi energy, valid for
Dirac edge and surface electrons with spin-momentum locking, as relevant for
topological insulators. We discuss in detail several of the key technical
points and assumptions of the derivation, and provide a Riccati-parametrization
of the equations. Solving first the equilibrium equations for S/N and S/F
bilayers and Josephson junctions, we study the superconducting proximity effect
in Dirac materials. Similarly to related works, we find that the effect of an
exchange field depends strongly on the direction of the field. Only components
normal to the transport direction lead to attenuation of the Cooper pair
wavefunction inside the F. Fields parallel to the transport direction lead to
phase-shifts in the dependence on the superconducting phase difference for both
the charge current and density of states in an S/F/S-junction. Moreover, we
compute the differential conductance in S/N and S/F bilayers with an applied
voltage bias, and determine the dependence on the length of the N and F regions
and the exchange field.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.
Meson and Quark Degrees of Freedom and the Radius of the Deuteron
The existing experimental data for the deuteron charge radius are discussed.
The data of elastic electron scattering are inconsistent with the value
obtained in a recent atomic physics experiment. Theoretical predictions based
on a nonrelativistic description of the deuteron with realistic nucleon-nucleon
potentials and with a rather complete set of meson-exchange contributions to
the charge operator are presented. Corrections arising from the quark-gluon
substructure of the nucleon are explored in a nonrelativistic quark model; the
quark-gluon corrections, not accounted for by meson exchange, are small. Our
prediction for the deuteron charge radius favors the value of a recent atomic
physics experiment.Comment: 20 pages, LaTeX, 4 Postscript figures, to appear in Few-Body-System
Sodalite solid solution systems
Diese Arbeit ĂĽber "Sodalite Solid Solution Systems" befasst sich mit der Synthese
und topotaktischen Umwandlungen einer besonderen Form von Festen Lösungen und
deren Untersuchung mittels Festkörper Kernspinresonanz (Solid State NMR) und
Röntgen-Pulverdiffraktometrie. In Sodalithen {Na6[Al3Si3O12]2*(A,B)2} sind die
Gast-spezies (A,B) bei denen es sich sowohl um Salze des Typs NaX als auch um
Wasser oder basische Zentren handeln kann statistisch in den Aluminosilikat-
Käfigen verteilt. Der nichtlineare Zusammenhang zwischen den Gastionen-
Konzentrationen im Synthesegel und Sodalith wurde untersucht fĂĽr die Systeme
(NaX, NaY) mit X,Y = Cl-, Br-, I-, O2H3- und durch ein empirisches Modell
beschrieben. Basische Zentren können topotaktisch durch Wasser ersetzt werden,
welches den Sodalith bei 400°C verlässt. Durch Bedampfen des trockenen Sodaliths
mit elementarem Natrium können (Na4)3+ Farb-Zentren (F-centers) erzeugt werden.
Zusammenhänge zwischen NMR Parametern von 1H, 23Na, 27Al, 29Si, 35Cl, 81Br
und 127I Kernen und ihrer lokalen Umgebung konnten aufgezeigt und zur Charakterisierung
genutzt werden. Schließlich geben temperaturabhängige NMR Untersuchungen Aufschluss über
die elektrostatischen und magnetischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den paramagnetischen
Elektronen der F-Zentren
Die p-adischen lokal analytischen Hauptreihen zerfallend reduktiver Gruppen
Die Darstellungstheorie p-adischer Liegruppen zerfällt in einander sehr
fremde Bereiche. In erster Linie stehen sich dabei die glatten und die
algbraischen Darstellungen gegenüber. Diese können in der jüngst
eingefĂĽhrten Kategorie der lokal analytischen Darstellungen in
handhabbarer Weise zusammengefĂĽhrt werden. Bislang fehlt allerdings ein
Ăśberblick ĂĽber die dort anzutreffenden irreduziblen Darstellungen.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden nun von endlich dimensionalen
Darstellungen parabolisch induzierte Darstellungen untersucht. Die Frage
nach der Irreduzibilität lässt sich dabei auf analoge Fragen in der
Theorie der Darstellungen von Liealgebren zurĂĽckfĂĽhren. Hier kann man auf
die vorhandene reichhaltige Theorie der Vermamoduln zurĂĽckgreifen
The role of accretion disks in the formation of massive stars
We present radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the collapse of massive
pre-stellar cores. We treat frequency dependent radiative feedback from stellar
evolution and accretion luminosity at a numerical resolution down to 1.27 AU.
In the 2D approximation of axially symmetric simulations, it is possible for
the first time to simulate the whole accretion phase of several 10^5 yr for the
forming massive star and to perform a comprehensive scan of the parameter
space. Our simulation series show evidently the necessity to incorporate the
dust sublimation front to preserve the high shielding property of massive
accretion disks. Our disk accretion models show a persistent high anisotropy of
the corresponding thermal radiation field, yielding to the growth of the
highest-mass stars ever formed in multi-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics
simulations. Non-axially symmetric effects are not necessary to sustain
accretion. The radiation pressure launches a stable bipolar outflow, which
grows in angle with time as presumed from observations. For an initial mass of
the pre-stellar host core of 60, 120, 240, and 480 Msol the masses of the final
stars formed in our simulations add up to 28.2, 56.5, 92.6, and at least 137.2
Msol respectively.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, Computational Star Formation Proceedings IAU
Symposium No. 270, 2010, Ed.: J. Alves, B. Elmegreen, J. Girart & V. Trimbl
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