Congressional Control of the Courts: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of Expansion of the Federal Judiciary

Congress has many available tools to influence the federal judiciary. In this article, we consider Congress\u27 ability to balance, or stack, the courts through the creation of federal judgeships. While caseload pressure often produces the need for more judgeships, we demonstrate that political party alignment between Congress and the president often determines the timing of the judicial expansion. The net effect of expanding during political alignment is to speed up changes in the political balance of the judiciary in favor of the current Congress. We also examine the determinants of expansion size and show that both political alignment and caseload pressure influence Congress\u27 decision regarding how many judgeships to add

Constitutive acoustic-emission elastic-stress behavior of magnesium alloy

Repeated laoding and unloading of a magnesium alloy below the macroscopic yield stress result in continuous acoustic emissions which are generally repeatable for a given specimen and which are reproducible between different specimens having the same load history. An acoustic emission Bauschinger strain model is proposed to describe the unloading emission behavior. For the limited range of stress examined, loading and unloading stress delays of the order of 50 MN/sq m are observed, and they appear to be dependent upon the direction of loading, the stress rate, and the stress history. The stress delay is hypothesized to be the manifestation of an effective friction stress. The existence of acoustic emission elastic stress constitutive relations is concluded, which provides support for a previously proposed concept for the monitoring of elastic stresses by acoustic emission

The Structure and Conduct of Corporate Lobbying: How Firms Lobby the Federal Communications Commission

lobbying (internal organization vs. trade association) by firms in administrative agencies. It explores the power and limitations of the collective action theories and transaction cost theories in explaining lobbying. It introduces a dataset of over 900 lobbying contacts cover 101 issues at the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in early 1998. We find that the structure and conduct of large firm lobbying at the FCC is consistent with the predictions of theories of transaction costs and the main results of theories of collective action. However, large firms do not change their behavior drastically as structures arise to remedy the free rider problem. Small firms show no sensitivity to collective action issues or transaction cost issues in the organization or amount of their lobbying, but they do lobby less when having to reveal proprietary information. In sum, large firms behave largely consistent with theoretical predictions, while small firms do not.

Genetic Interrelations of Two Andromonoecious Types of Maize, Dwarf and Anther Ear

Attention was called by Montgomery (1906)to the occasional appearance of perfect flowers in the staminate inflorescence of maize and similar cases were reported by Kempton (1913). Montgomery (1911) described with illustrations a true-breeding type of semi-dwarf dent maize, the ears of which were perfect-flowered. Perfect-flowered maize was described and illustrated also by Blaringhem (1908, pp. 180-183). East and Hayes (1911, pp. 13, 14) noted and illustrated a perfect-flowered sweet corn. Weatherwax (1916, 1917) showed that typically pistillate flowers of maize exhibit in microscopic sections the rudiments of stamens and that staminate flowers show rudiments of pistils

Centerscope

Centerscope, formerly Scope, was published by the Boston University Medical Center "to communicate the concern of the Medical Center for the development and maintenance of improved health care in contemporary society.