Gender equality and girls education: Investigating frameworks, disjunctures and meanings of quality education

The article draws on qualitative educational research across a diversity of low-income countries to examine the gendered inequalities in education as complex, multi-faceted and situated rather than a series of barriers to be overcome through linear input–output processes focused on isolated dimensions of quality. It argues that frameworks for thinking about educational quality often result in analyses of gender inequalities that are fragmented and incomplete. However, by considering education quality more broadly as a terrain of quality it investigates questions of educational transitions, teacher supply and community participation, and develops understandings of how education is experienced by learners and teachers in their gendered lives and their teaching practices. By taking an approach based on theories of human development the article identifies dynamics of power underpinning gender inequalities in the literature and played out in diverse contexts and influenced by social, cultural and historical contexts. The review and discussion indicate that attaining gender equitable quality education requires recognition and understanding of the ways in which inequalities intersect and interrelate in order to seek out multi-faceted strategies that address not only different dimensions of girls’ and women’s lives, but understand gendered relationships and structurally entrenched inequalities between women and men, girls and boys

Myocardial infarction after acute ischaemic stroke: incidence, mortality, and risk factors

Objectives: To determine the risk factor profiles associated with post-acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) myocardial infarction (MI) over long-term follow-up. Methods: This observational study includes prospectively identified AIS patients (n=9840) admitted to a UK regional centre between January 2003-December 2016 (median follow-up: 4.72 years). Predictors of post-stroke MI during follow up were examined using logistic and Cox regression models for in-hospital and post-discharge events, respectively. MI incidence was determined using a competing risk non-parametric estimator. The influence of post-stroke MI on mortality was examined using Cox regressions. Results: Mean age (SD) of study participants was 77.3(12.2) years (48% males). Factors associated with in-hospital MI (OR(95%CI)) were increasing blood glucose (1.80(1.17-2.77) per 10mmol/L), total leukocyte count (1.25(1.01-1.54) per 10x109/L), and CRP (1.05(1.02-1.08) per 10mg/L increase). Age (HR(95%CI) =1.03(1.01-1.06)), coronary heart disease (1.59(1.01-2.50)), chronic kidney disease (2.58(1.44-4.63)), and cancers (1.76(1.08-2.89)) were associated with incident MI between discharge and one year follow-up. Age ((1.02(1.00-1.03)), diabetes (1.96(1.38-2.65)), congestive heart failure (2.07(1.44-2.99), coronary heart disease (1.81(1.31-2.50)), hypertension (1.86(1.24-2.79)), and peripheral vascular disease (2.25(1.40-3.63)) were associated with incident MI between 1-5 years after discharge. Diabetes (2.01(1.09-3.72)), hypertension (3.69(1.44-9.45)), and peripheral vascular disease (2.46(1.02-5.98)) were associated with incident MI between 5-10 years after discharge. Cumulative MI incidence over 10 years was 5.4%. MI during all follow-up periods (discharge-1 year, 1-5 years, 5-10 years) was associated with increased risk of death (respective HR(95%CI)=3.26(2.51-4.15), 1.96(1.58-2.42) and 1.92(1.26-2.93)). Conclusions: In conclusion, prognosis is poor in post-stroke MI. We highlight a range of potential areas to focus preventative efforts

Metabolic Effects of Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition Infusion in Adults and Children

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141574/1/ncp0277.pd

Partnership, ownership and control: the impact of corporate governance on employment relations

Prevailing patterns of dispersed share ownership and rules of corporate governance for UK listed companies appear to constrain the ability of managers to make credible, long-term commitments to employees of the kind needed to foster effective labour-management partnerships. We present case study evidence which suggests that such partnerships can nevertheless emerge where product market conditions and the regulatory environment favour a stakeholder orientation. Proactive and mature partnerships may also be sustained where the board takes a strategic approach to mediating between the claims of different stakeholder groups, institutional investors are prepared to take a long-term view of their holdings, and strong and independent trade unions are in a position to facilitate organisational change

The type and frequency of interactions that occur between staff and children outside in Early Years Foundation Stage settings during a fixed playtime period when there are tricycles available

This study reports on an investigation into adult and child interactions observed in the outdoor play environment in four Local Authority early years foundation stage settings in England. In this instance the common two features across the settings were the presence of tricycles and a timetabled outdoor play period. In total, across the four schools, there were 204 children. The study aimed to gain an understanding of the nature of the dialogues between staff and children, that is, the types of exchange that occurred when either the child approached an adult or the adult approached a child. The most frequent type of utterance was also analysed. The study concludes that adults in these settings spoke more than children and the greatest type of utterance was that of the adult about domestic matters. When the child initiated the conversation there were more extended child utterances than domestic utterances. This may suggest that children wish to be involved in conversations of depth and meaning and that staff need to become aware of how to develop this conversational language with children

Mortality after admission for acute myocardial infarction in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people in New South Wales, Australia: a multilevel data linkage study

Background - Heart disease is a leading cause of the gap in burden of disease between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. Our study investigated short- and long-term mortality after admission for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, and examined the impact of the hospital of admission on outcomes. Methods - Admission records were linked to mortality records for 60047 patients aged 25–84 years admitted with a diagnosis of AMI between July 2001 and December 2008. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for 30- and 365-day all-cause mortality. Results - Aboriginal patients admitted with an AMI were younger than non-Aboriginal patients, and more likely to be admitted to lower volume, remote hospitals without on-site angiography. Adjusting for age, sex, year and hospital, Aboriginal patients had a similar 30-day mortality risk to non-Aboriginal patients (AOR: 1.07; 95% CI 0.83-1.37) but a higher risk of dying within 365 days (AOR: 1.34; 95% CI 1.10-1.63). The latter difference did not persist after adjustment for comorbid conditions (AOR: 1.12; 95% CI 0.91-1.38). Patients admitted to more remote hospitals, those with lower patient volume and those without on-site angiography had increased risk of short and long-term mortality regardless of Aboriginal status. Conclusions - Improving access to larger hospitals and those with specialist cardiac facilities could improve outcomes following AMI for all patients. However, major efforts to boost primary and secondary prevention of AMI are required to reduce the mortality gap between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people

Supporting Information for Shaking up assumptions: Earthquakes have rarely triggered Andean Glacier Lake Outburst Floods

This supporting information includes a note on the research consensus on the triggering of Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFS; Text S1). We provide a description of those lakes which were affected by the exceptional 1970 earthquake (Text S2 and Figure S1). Finally we provide a geological map for the region in which the six 1970 GLOFs occurred (Figure S2) and provide annotations on Google Earth images showing potential routes for mass movement triggering of GLOFs (Figures S3-S4)

Medication adherence among diabetic and hypertensive patients in Al-Qassim region of Saudi Arabia

Non-adherence to medication is often an unrecognized risk factor that contributes to failure of the therapeutic plan. The purpose of the study was to identify factors related to high, medium and low medication adherence among adult Saudi patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. This study is designed as a descriptive cross sectional survey and was conducted in three tertiary care hospitals of Al-Qassim province of Saudi Arabia. The data was collected using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and analyzed by SPSS. Three levels of adherence were considered based on the following scores: 0 to <6 (low); 6 to <8 (medium); 8 (high). Of the 396 patients interviewed, 52% reported low adherence to prescribed medication. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted. Gender, age, literacy level, duration of illness and type of chronic disease were negatively associated with medication adherence. The study shows very high proportion of low and medium adherence on long term medication, which may be responsible for the failure of achieving therapeutic outcome. Further investigation is required to evaluate the applicability of MMAS-8 as a tool of measuring medication adherence among Saudi patients with chronic diseases. Adherence enhancing strategies should also be evaluated in separate patients group

A new conceptual framework for revenge firesetting

Revenge has frequently been acknowledged to account for a relatively large proportion of motives in deliberate firesetting. However, very little is actually known about the aetiology of revenge firesetting. Theoretical approaches to revenge-seeking behaviour are discussed. A brief review of how revenge is accounted for in existing theoretical explanations of deliberate firesetting and the known characteristics of revenge firesetters are provided. On this basis, the authors suggest, as a motive, revenge firesetting has to date been misconceptualised. A new conceptual framework is thus proposed, paying particular attention to the contextual, affective, cognitive, volitional and behavioural factors which may influence and generate a single episode of revenge firesetting. Treatment implications and suggestions for future research are also provided

Expanding the evolutionary explanations for sex differences in the human skeleton

While the anatomy and physiology of human reproduction differ between the sexes, the effects of hormones on skeletal growth do not. Human bone growth depends on estrogen. Greater estrogen produced by ovaries causes bones in female bodies to fuse before males\u27 resulting in sex differences in adult height and mass. Female pelves expand more than males\u27 due to estrogen and relaxin produced and employed by the tissues of the pelvic region and potentially also due to greater internal space occupied by female gonads and genitals. Evolutionary explanations for skeletal sex differences (aka sexual dimorphism) that focus too narrowly on big competitive men and broad birthing women must account for the adaptive biology of skeletal growth and its dependence on the developmental physiology of reproduction. In this case, dichotomizing evolution into proximate‐ultimate categories may be impeding the progress of human evolutionary science, as well as enabling the popular misunderstanding and abuse of it