Chloramphenicol therapy of typhoid fever

In a prospective study we compared two different dosage regimens of IV chloramphenicol succinate (100 mg/kg/day and 75 mg/kg/day) in children with culture proven typhoid. Trough and peak blood samples, obtained at 48 hrs, were analysed for free chloramphenicol by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Although the mean trough (8.8 +/- 7.7 versus 5.4 +/- 2.6 mcg/ml) and peak (19.9 +/- 12.2 versus 15.4 +/- 6.1 mcg/ml) chloramphenicol concentrations were comparable in both groups, a significantly wider range was found in the group receiving 100 mg/kg/day. Potentially toxic levels (greater than 30 mcg/ml) developed in two patients with liver dysfunction. Chloramphenicol in a dosage of 75 mg/kg/day is adequate and safe for the treatment of paediatric typhoid

Tingkat Perkembangan Gonad, Kualitas Telur Dan Ketahanan Hidup Larva Ikan Nila (Oreochromis Niloticus) Berdasarkan Perbedaan Salinitas

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat perkembangan gonad, kualiatas telur dan ketahanan hidup larva ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Ikan Nila diberi perlakuan dengan salinitas 0, 10, 20, dan 30 o/oo. Ikan nila dengan berat badan 140-200 g masing-masing dipelihara dalam akuarium sebanyak 36 ekor ikan betina dan selama percobaan ikan diberi pakan dengan pellet komersil dua kali sehari. Parameter uji yang diukur untuk mengetahui kinerja reproduksi ikan nila, diameter telur, fekunditas, derajat tetas telur, dan ketahanan hidup larva. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah model eksperimental dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), yang terdiri atas 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan salinitas, yaitu 0, 10, 20, dan 30 o/oo. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji F kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan salinitas 10o/oo merupakan perlakuan yang terbaik karena memberikan respon yang tertinggi padadiameter telur, fekunditas, derajat tetas telur, dan ketahanan hidup larva

Possible presence of calcium channel blocker(s) in Rubia cordifolia: An indigenous medicinal plant

Crude extract of Rubia cordifolia (RC) was tested in isolated tissue preparations for its possible calcium channel antagonistic activity. RC suppressed the spontaneous contractions of guinea-pig atria, rabbit jejunum and rat uterus in a concentration dependent manner (0.1-3 mg/ml). In rabbit aorta, it inhibited norepinephrine (10 microM) and KCl (80 mM) induced contractions. Replacement of physiological salt solution with calcium free solution abolished the spontaneous movements of rabbit jejunum. However, addition of calcium (25 micrograms/ml) in the tissue bath restored the spontaneous movements. When the tissues were pretreated with plant extract (1 mg/ml) or verapamil (0.5 microgram/ml), addition of calcium failed to restore spontaneous contractions. These results indicate that the plant extract exhibits spasmolytic activity similar to that of verapamil suggestive of presence of calcium channel blocker like constituent(s) in this plant

Utilization Surface Water for Raw Water and Irrigation in Maros Watershed, South Sulawesi, Indonesia

This research is intended to analyze the existing water for the needs of raw water and irrigation.The methodology applied in this research is surface water availability analysis conducted on rainfall analysis result basis and monthly hydrograph flow analysis for one year period. The needs of crude water are determined by the total population and consumption level in a region with and under mathematics method.  Raw water requirement is determined by the total population and consumption level in a region. Average irrigation water requirement in the research area are calculated based on the average use of water for irrigation for one year period. The use of water for irrigation is approximately determined by variable of rice field area width, height of average water surface during the planting, plant age and planting frequency within a year, and efficiency factor (loss). The rainfall analysis result applying polygon theissen at Maros watershed is 2810 mm/year and average rainfall is 141 mm/year. The calculation of monthly debit of Maros River in 1993 through 2012 using the opportunity approach with the reliable discharge is 65.49 m3/sec and the average is 287.56 m3/sec, meanwhile the minimum discharge is 0.14 m3/sec. The projected raw water requirement are 7.42 million m3 for period of 2013-2017 to become 9.02 million m3 for 2028-2032. Further the needs of domestic water for period of 2038-2042 is 10.27 million m3, rises to be 11.69  million m3 in 2048-2052.The projected need of water for irrigation of Maros watershed for period 2013-2017 is 393.91 million m3, increases to be 459.96 million m3 for period of 2018-2022 and rises to be 1165.7696 million m3 for period of 2048-2052. Keywords: Watershed, polygoh theissen, discharge, raw water and irrigation

Nile Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus Culture Development Strategy in Floating Net Cage of Galela Lake, North Halmahera Regency, North Mollucas Province

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji strategi pengembangan budi daya ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) di Danau Galela Kabupaten Halmahera Utara Provinsi Maluku Utara. Penelitan ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Teknik pengembilan data melalui observasi langsung dan wawancara, dan studi literature. Analisis data menggunakan analisis SWOT. Dan dilanjutkan dengan uji OSPM (Quantitative Strategis Planning Matrix). Hasil dari analisis data menghasilkan enam strategi prioritas untuk pengembangan budi daya ikan nila (oreochromis niloticus) yaitu 1. Peningkatan pembinaan SDM 2. Memanfaatkan lembaga penyedia modal untuk pengembangan budi daya 3. Optimalisasi lahan budi daya ikan nila di karamba Jaring apung (KJA) 4. Memperluas akses pemasaran 5. Peningkatan kualitas benih ikan nila dan kualitas produk 6. Kesepakatan antar pembudidaya dalam menjaga keamanan di lokasi karamba jaring apung (KJA)

KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK SAYURAN DATARAN TINGGI DI HULU DAS MERAO, KABUPATEN KERINCI, JAMBI

ABSTRAKLahan di hulu DAS Merao berada pada dataran tinggi vulkan Gunung Kerinci dengan tanah berbahan induk abu vulkan yang cukup subur tetapi peka terhadap erosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kesesuaian lahan pertanian campuran di hulu DAS Merao, Kabupaten Kerinci untuk usahatani sayuran dataran tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing satuan lahan cukup sesuai (S2) untuk tanaman kentang dan sesuai marjinal (S3) untuk tanaman kubis, cabe dan tomat dengan faktor pembatas utama adalah retensi hara yakni kejenuhan basa yang rendah dan reaksi tanah (pH) yang masam hingga agak masam serta bahaya erosi (kemiringan lereng dengan topografi bergelombang hingga berbukit). Penggunaan lahan yang optimal untuk pengembangan usahatani kentang, kubis, cabe dan tomat perlu penerapan agroteknologi yang sesuai dengan karakteristik tanah dan kebutuhan tanaman, terutama peningkatan kejenuhan basa dan pH tanah (melalui pemberian kapur dan pupuk terutama pupuk organik atau kompos), pengaturan pola tanam sesuai ketersediaan air (curah hujan) dan penerapan teknik konservasi tanah yang memadai untuk mengendalikan erosi hingga kecil atau sama dengan erosi yang dapat ditoleransikan

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome with unusual presentation : two case reports and review of literature

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is an uncommon disorder which usually presents with prolonged and significant primary eosinophilia with end-organ dysfunction. Damaging proteins released by the eosinophilic granules are responsible for the tissues and organ system damage. Here we report two cases of idiopathic HES. Both the patients were young lady presented with high grade fever and concomitant symptoms. Laboratory findings showed leucocytosis with predominant neutrophilia and marked eosinophilia. A diagnosis of idiopathic HES was made after excluding secondary causes of eosinophilia. However, the first patient was complicated with multiple venous thrombosis and intravenous heparin was started which was later changed to subcutaneous low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). The patient developed pleural effusion and consolidation. Intravenous Tazoscin, tablet Prednisolone and tablet Hydroxyurea was started and the patient responded well. Despite treatment, two weeks later, suddenly the patient collapsed and unfortunately succumbed. On the other hand, the second patient was complicated with fever, thrombocytopenia, haemolytic anaemia, acute renal failure and neurological deficit which were part and parcel of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Plasma exchange was commenced and patient’s condition had slowly improved. Nevertheless, the hypoxia which she sustained during the multiple episodes of fits had resulted in permanent brain injury and thus requiring a tracheostomy for prolonged ventilatory support. Currently, there is no cure for HES. The main aim of treatment is to minimise the tissue damage caused by the hypereosinophilia. Early diagnosis and intervention are therefore crucial in preventing the spread of the disease and the end-organ damage