Evaluation of cognition enhancing activity of pioglitazone in albino mice

Background: Worldwide, 47.5 million people have dementia, with just over half (58%) living in low- and middle-income countries. Every year, there are 7.7 million new cases. The estimated proportion of the general population aged 60 and over with dementia at a given time is between 5 to 8 per 100 people. The total number of people with dementia is projected to be 75.6 million in 2030 and almost triple by 2050 to 135.5 million.Methods: All animals were allowed to acclimatize with laboratory conditions at least two weeks before starting the experiment and they were maintained under the same condition throughout the experiment. They were given food and water ad libitum. The experiments were performed as per the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) guidelines. The animals were subjected to experimentation between 0900-1600 hours in noise free atmosphere with ambient temperature 23-300ºC.Results: The Pioglitazone treated groups showed statistically significant results in the SDL when compared to the control group (p<0.01 on both days) and the scopolamine group (p<0.01 on both days) on both acquisition day and retention day.Conclusions: There was no significant difference in SDL in standard and Pioglitazone treated groups on both acquisition day and retention day

Evaluation of locomotor activity of pioglitazone in albino mice

Background: Pioglitazone (PIO), a Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPAR-γ) agonist, is an oral anti-diabetic agent belonging to the group of thiazolidinediones-TZDs used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 in monotherapy and in combination with a sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin.Methods: All animals were allowed to acclimatize with laboratory conditions at least two weeks before starting the experiment and they were maintained under the same condition throughout the experiment. They were given food and water ad libitum. The experiments were performed as per the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision on Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) guidelines. The animals were subjected to experimentation between 0900-1600 hours in noise free atmosphere with ambient temperature 23-300ºC.Results: There was no significant reduction in the within group comparisons of the basal and final scores in locomotor activity.Conclusions: The standard and test groups failed to produce any significant reduction in locomotor activity in the intergroup comparison as well as compared to normal control

A Critical Review on use of Gudodaka in Sutika Paricharya

A postnatal period is the period beginning immediately after the separation of placenta and extending up to six weeks, otherwise called as puerperium. Postnatal care is named as Sutika Paricharya in Ayurvedic classics. Garbhini and Sutika Paricharya are very-well described by ancient Ayurvedic scholars. Acharya Kashyapa narrated stage of Prasavaavastha is like a women with her one foot in this Loka and other in Yama Loka . The woman after such a difficulty stage of life needs special care. Classics have described special dietary regimen and life style for this period. Along with DeepanaPachana and Snehadravyas, usage of Gudodaka is advised in Sutikakala. To remove the Sheshadosha in the body Ushna Gudodaka with Panchakola Churna is advised. Guda has Madhura Rasa, Snigdha and Ksharaguna, acts as Raktashodhaka and Vatahara. Jaggery is source of carbohydrate and also has calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium and sodium. So Gudodaka as a part of Sutika diet helps in achieving restoration of health of mother by proper Vatanulomana, Garbhashaya Shodhana, Raktaprasadana Karma

Depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a cross sectional study from rural tertiary care hospital of South Karnataka, India

Background: Depression is associated with a 60% increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and diabetes doubles the odds of depression. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of depression and to assess the association between glycemic control and depression in diabetic patients.Methods: Total 130 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients were included in this cross-sectional hospital-based study. Study protocol included detailed clinical history, examination, administering of questionnaire-based scale and investigations. Fasting plasma glucose, post prandial plasma glucose, HbA1c, lipid profile, renal function test and electrolytes of these subjects were determined. Becks depression inventory (BDI) scale was used for diagnosis and grading the severity of depression among these patients.Results: Out of 130 diabetic patients, depression was present in 39.23% of the individuals, among which, 16.15% had mild depression, 10% had borderline depression, 7.69% had moderate depression, 3.07% had severe depression and 2.3% had extreme depression. Prevalence of depression in patients with glycated haemoglobin levels of ≤6.4 was found to be 29.16%, 6.5 to 7 was 33.76% and ≥7.1% was 62.07%.Conclusions: Depression was found to be more common in diabetic patients compared to general population. The prevalence of depression was more among patients with long duration of diabetes, female sex, Muslim religion, substance abuse, complications associated with diabetes and poor glycaemic control. More case control studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm this association

DDoS Attack Detection Using Cooperative Overlay Networks and Gossip Protocol

DDoS attacks have major impact on the affected networks viz. packet transmission delays, network outage, website sabotage, financial losses, legitimate-user blockage and reputation damage. Existing DDoS detection techniques are either implemented at the victim node (but the damage is already done) or at many intermediate routers which run DDoS detection algorithms, that adds additional delay and more processing. We aim to detect DDoS attacks by using a new technique of cooperative overlay networks which overcomes the above problems by implementing the DDoS detection algorithm at one hop distance nodes (called defense nodes) from the victim. DOI: 10.17762/ijritcc2321-8169.15062

A Visual Secret Sharing Technique for Secure and Fast Transmission of Image

ABSTRACT: In the advent of booming communication technology, the needs for information sharing and transfer have increased exponentially which requires more and more new techniques to meet the increasing needs of a modern society. Visual cryptography scheme is a cryptographic technique which allows visual information (e.g. printed text, handwritten notes, and picture) to be encrypted in such a way that the decryption can be performed by the human visual system, without the aid of computers. Random grid based technique is a non expanded visual cryptographic technique for generating both meaningless and noise like shares. In this paper the idea is to increase the levels of security and to enhance the transmission speed of secret information over the network, as the basic model of Visual Cryptography is not an efficient tool to hide the information. In the proposed scheme initially the image is encrypted by Visual Cryptography using Random Grids and we propose a technique using combined DCT based Compression with Steganography for the speed transmission and additional security of encrypted random image shares over the transmitting media. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme. KEYWORDS: Visual cryptography; Compression; DCT; Random grid; Shares; Steganography I. INTRODUCTION In the recent communication technology, the needs for information exchange and transfer have increased exponentially. In the public domain the threat of an intruder accessing secret information has been an ever existing concern for the data communication. Steganography, Cryptography, and Visual cryptography are the most widely used techniques to overcome these threats. In Cryptography the plaintext is transformed (encrypting it) into an unreadable format, which is called as called cipher text. Only those who possess a secret key can decipher (or decrypt) the message into plain text. In steganography a message, image, or file is embedded within another message, image, or file. Both these techniques provide some level of security of data. In VC the image is encrypted by creating random shares and decryption is done by human eyes. However, neither of them alone is secure enough over an unsecure communication channel for sharing information and is vulnerable to intruder attacks. Although these techniques are often combined together to achieve higher levels of security, in order to minimize the threat of intrusion we still need a highly secured system to transfer information over any communication media. For any communication system, a secure transmission of information can be achieved using a powerful encoding algorithm and a fast transmission to send the information from a transmitter to a receiver (that can be done using an efficient compression technique) is two important requirements. To satisfy these constraints, we propose a new method of compression and encryption at same time. The image is initially encrypted by visual cryptography using random grid scheme by generating random shares. Then we cover the random share with a cover image. Our proposed method is based on the hiding of information (Embedding) in the transmitter side and taking out (Extracting) algorithm in receiver side the decoding phase. In addition we would like to compress the transmitting data, to achieve a high speed communication. For this purpose Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is utilized because most of the power is concentrated in the lower frequency bands by DCT, it is used to cut out the higher frequency components. Then the compressed DCT elements are rotated, the rotations have another aspect. The directions and degrees of the rotations are saved as &quot;key&quot; to restore the original images. If the receiver does not know &quot;key,&quot; it is hard to recover the original images

Morintides: cargo-free chitin-binding peptides from Moringa oleifera

Statistics of the structure of mO1 generated by CNSsolve 1.3. (DOCX 16 kb

Impact of educational session on knowledge and attitude towards antimicrobial prescribing and awareness about antimicrobial resistance among undergraduate medical, dental and nursing students: a comparative study

Background: Educational interventions targeting undergraduate medical students provide a great opportunity to strengthen the efforts to promote rational prescribing and to decrease antimicrobial resistance. A better understanding of knowledge and beliefs of students about issues of antimicrobial use and resistance, and analysing the improvement after educational session, can assist in devising an effectively tailored educational intervention. The objective of this study was to comparison of knowledge and attitude about antimicrobial prescribing and awareness about resistance amongst medical, dental and nursing undergraduates before and after an educational session on antimicrobial use and resistance.Methods: A pre-validated questionnaire on knowledge and attitude about antimicrobial use and resistance was distributed to second year medical (80), dental (61) and nursing (37) students before and after an educational session. Results obtained were compared within and between the groups by using paired t-test and one-way ANOVA respectively. P-value<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: All groups showed statistically significant improvement in knowledge and attitude scores following the session on antimicrobial use and resistance (P<0.001). Post-session attitude scores of medical students were better than that of dental and was statistically significant (P=0.006). The pre-session evaluation showed that medical students had better knowledge and attitude about antimicrobial use and resistance as compared to dental (P<0.001) and nursing students(P<0.001).Conclusions: Significant improvement in attitude and basic knowledge following an educational session about antimicrobial prescribing and awareness about antimicrobial resistance in undergraduate students suggest establishment of special course on rational prescription of antimicrobials in undergraduate curriculum

Prospective, non-randomized, parallel group, comparative observational study to compare maternal and neonatal outcome after regional and general anesthesia for Lower Segment Caesarean Section

Background: LSCS is a routine obstetric procedure performed under general anesthesia (GA) or regional anesthesia (RA). Choice of anesthesia depends on factors like gestational age, parity, co-morbidities, urgency of situation, etc. Both GA and RA involve the use of various medications which may influence maternal and neonatal outcome. As there are few studies comparing maternal and fetal outcome in RA and GA for LSCS in Indian population, the present study was taken up. Objectives of the study was to compare the maternal and neonatal outcome after RA and GA for LSCS.Methods: 60 subjects with indications for LSCS were assigned non-randomly into two groups, 30 for GA and 30 for RA, at the discretion of anesthesiologist. The demographic, anthropometric and clinical data was recorded for all subjects. The maternal outcome after RA and GA for LSCS was assessed by parameters like maternal blood loss, postoperative pain, postoperative nausea and vomiting, maternal satisfaction and neonatal outcome by parameters like birth weight, APGAR scores and NICU admissions. The maternal and neonatal outcome between the two groups was compared.Results: All subjects had clear indications for CS. In most of the subjects it was undertaken as an emergency procedure. GA was preferred in high risk subjects. Maternal blood loss, postoperative pain, NICU admissions, need for resuscitation was less under RA compared to GA. There was no difference in PONV, maternal satisfaction, birth weight and need for intubation.Conclusions: LSCS under RA showed a more favourable maternal and neonatal outcome

Diagnosis of Spinocerebellar Ataxia in the West Indies

Background: Access to medical care in many regions is limited by socioeconomic status, at both the individual and the community level. This report describes the diagnostic process of a family residing on an underserved Caribbean island where routine neurological care is typically addressed by general practitioners, and genetic diagnosis is not available through regular medical channels. The diagnosis and management of neurodegenerative disorders is especially challenging in this setting. Case Report: We diagnosed a family with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) in an underdeveloped nation with limited access to genetic medicine and no full-time neurologist. Discussion: Molecular diagnosis of the SCAs can be challenging, even in developed countries. In the Caribbean, genetic testing is generally only available at a small number of academic centers. Diagnosis in this family was ultimately made by utilizing an international, pro bono, research-based collaborative process. Although access to appropriate resources, such as speech, physical, and occupational therapies, is limited on this island because of economic and geographical factors, the provision of a diagnosis appeared to be ultimately beneficial for this family. Identification of affected families highlights the need for access to genetic diagnosis in all communities, and can help direct resources where needed