Optical Constants of Single Crystal Bismuth

The index of refraction and extinction index of bismuth for a ray reflected from a natural cleavage surface (perpendicular to main crystallographic axis) are measured by means of a Stokes\u27 analyser. The values so obtained are compared with the values for the polycrystalline metal

Spoliation: Civil Liability for Destruction of Evidence

Intentional destruction of evidence has become a serious legal problem. Recently, the A.H. Robins Company was accused of intentionally destroying incriminating documents relevant to Dalkon Shield litigation. Even documents the court ordered to be preserved were allegedly destroyed by an attorney representing the company. The A.H. Robins Company is not the only corporation accused of intentionally destroying evidence. An attorney representing the Eastman-Kodak Company in an antitrust suit admitted that he destroyed documents relating to the litigation

Study of Advanced Propulsion Systems for Small Transport Aircraft Technology (STAT) Program

Definitions of takeoff gross weight, performance, and direct operating cost for both a 30 and 50 passenger airplane were established. The results indicate that a potential direct operating cost benefit, resulting from advanced technologies, of approximately 20 percent would be achieved for the 1990 engines. Of the numerous design features that were evaluated, only maintenance-related items contributed to a significant decrease in direct operating cost. Recommendations are made to continue research and technology programs for advanced component and engine development

A study of corynebacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes

This study was undertaken to compile a comprehensive review of the literature and to gain a better understanding of the host-parasite relationship in corynebacterial kidney disease of salmonid fishes. An indirect fluorescent antibody technique was developed which allowed differentiation of intra- and extracellular bacteria. This technique was used in combination with phase contrast microscopy to study phagocytic interactions between salmonid cells and kidney disease bacilli. Contrary to observations made at four to five passages (Fryer, 1977), STE 137 cells (used from passages 150 to 156) did not phagocytize the bacteria. Under similar experimental conditions, the bacilli were avidly phagocytized by mouse macrophages. Potential explanations for the loss of phagocytosis in the STE 137 line were explored. Primary monolayer cell cultures from kidney and spleen, and leucocyte cultures were established and grew well, but failed to phagocytize the kidney disease bacillus. Differential counts of blood films from normal, hatchery-raised, 12.5 to 17.5 cm brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) showed: 82.4 ± 0.9% lymphocytes, 12.1 ± 0.9% thrombocytes, 2.4 ± 0.2% neutrophils, and 2.6 ± 0.3% blast forms. The histopathology of corynebacterial kidney disease was described by organ system (kidney, liver, pancreas, gut, heart, gills, brain). The typical lesion was a distinct, localized growth of bacteria and central mass of amorphous, granular debris surrounded by a mixed, nonspecific inflammatory response consisting of lymphocytes, some degenerating neutrophils, and macrophages. Very few polymorphonuclear leucocytes were observed. The lesions are distinguished from the classic focal granulomas of piscine tuberculosis or flavobacteriosis. The disease is described as a "bacteremia characterized by a systemic, diffuse...histiocytic inflammation" (Wolke, 1975). The ultrastructure of the kidney disease bacterium and its relationship to host tissues were studied via electron microscopy. The mean length was 0.65 pm and the mean width was 0.39 pm. The mean cell wall thickness was 16.1 nm and the mean thickness of the cytoplasmic membrane was 8.8 nm

Perceptions of sleep in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and the acceptability of sleep interventions in routine care: A qualitative study

There have been increased calls to manage poor sleep in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) care. However, it’s unclear how people with IBD perceive their sleep to fit within their experience of IBD and whether interventions to improve sleep are acceptable. This qualitative study found that people with IBD perceive their sleep to be an integral part of living with IBD, would like more sleep support than is currently available, and find interventions for sleep broadly acceptable. It is important for future research to tailor sleep interventions towards those with IBD and explore the barriers to sleep support in routine care</p

Cornish identities and migration: a multi-scalar approach

The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com. 24 month embargo by the publisher. Article will be released July 2009.In this article we argue that theories of transnationalism have value in exploring the historical context of migration and that historical contexts help to shape such theoretical conceptualizations. Historians of migration have now begun to engage more directly with the literature of transnationalism, focusing on the networks that linked settler and home communities. Here we add to this by examining a nineteenth-century migrant community from a British region through the lens of transnationalism, applying the concept to the case of the Cornish, whose economic specialization produced culturally distinct Cornish communities on the mining frontiers of North America, Australia and South Africa. In doing so, we bring together the issues of scale and time. We review the multiple levels of the Cornish transnational space of the late nineteenth century, which exhibited aspects of both core transnationalism and translocalism. This waned, but in the later twentieth century, a renewed interest in a transnational Cornish identity re-emerged, articulating with changing identity claims in Cornwall itself. To capture better the experience of the Cornish over these two very different phases of transnationalism we identify another subset of transnationalism - that of transregionalism.Leverhulme Trus

Radiosensitization of mammary carcinoma cells by telomere homolog oligonucleotide pretreatment

Introduction: Ionizing radiation (IR) is a widely used approach to cancer therapy, ranking second only to surgery in rate of utilization. Responses of cancer patients to radiotherapy depend in part on the intrinsic radiosensitivity of the tumor cells. Thus, promoting tumor cell sensitivity to IR could significantly enhance the treatment outcome and quality of life for patients. Methods: Mammary tumor cells were treated by a 16-base phosphodiester-linked oligonucleotide homologous to the telomere G-rich sequence TTAGGG (T-oligo: GGTTAGGTGTAGGTTT) or a control-oligo (the partial complement, TAACCCTAACCCTAAC) followed by IR. The inhibition of tumor cell growth in vitro was assessed by cell counting and clonogenic cell survival assay. The tumorigenesis of tumor cells after various treatments was measured by tumor growth in mice. The mechanism underlying the radiosensitization by T-oligo was explored by immunofluorescent determination of phosphorylated histone H2AX ($\gamma$H2AX) foci, $\beta$-galactosidase staining, comet and Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assays. The efficacy of the combined treatment was assessed in a spontaneous murine mammary tumor model. Results: Pretreatment of tumor cells with T-oligo for 24 hours in vitro enhanced both senescence and apoptosis of irradiated tumor cells and reduced clonogenic potential. Radiosensitization by T-oligo was associated with increased formation and/or delayed resolution of $\gamma$H2AX DNA damage foci and fragmented DNA. T-oligo also caused radiosensitization in two in vivo mammary tumor models. Indeed, combined T-oligo and IR-treatment in vivo led to a substantial reduction in tumor growth. Of further significance, treatment with T-oligo and IR led to synergistic inhibition of the growth of spontaneous mammary carcinomas. Despite these profound antitumor properties, T-oligo and IR caused no detectable side effects under our experimental conditions. Conclusions: Pretreatment with T-oligo sensitizes mammary tumor cells to radiation in both in vitro and in vivo settings with minimal or no normal tissue side effects