Heavy boson production through the collision of an ultrahigh-energy neutrino on a target nucleon

We discuss W and Z production through the deep inelastic neutrino-nucleon scattering in the context of the standard model SU(3)x SU(2)x U(1) of the strong and electroweak interactions. We find the cross section rates for the process neutrino + nucleon --> lepton(-) + W(+) + X for the case of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos colliding on a target nucleon.Comment: 20 pages, 6 figure

Outcome of fracture of intra articular distal femur treated with distal femur locking compression plate

Background: Intra articular fracture of the distal femur is a composite and complex injury that poses various challenges for orthopaedic surgeon starting from management of fracture to a protracted recovery of the patient.Methods: We have done retrospective study of 25 patients with intra articular distal femur fracture operated during the period of 2008 to 2014. NEER score is used as criteria for evaluation of patients.Results: With use of DFLCP, anatomical reduction and rigid fixation, early mobilization and aggressive physiotherapy can be started with the use of these plates.Conclusions: Our study shows that distal femur locking compression plate (DFLCP) is the evolving approach to treat distal femur fractures

Neutrino Observatories Can Characterize Cosmic Sources and Neutrino Properties

Neutrino telescopes that measure relative fluxes of ultrahigh-energy $\nu_{e}, \nu_{\mu}, \nu_{\tau}$ can give information about the location and characteristics of sources, about neutrino mixing, and can test for neutrino instability and for departures from CPT invariance in the neutrino sector. We investigate consequences of neutrino mixing for the neutrino flux arriving at Earth, and consider how terrestrial measurements can characterize distant sources. We contrast mixtures that arise from neutrino oscillations with those signaling neutrino decays. We stress the importance of measuring $\nu_{e}, \nu_{\mu}, \nu_{\tau}$ fluxes in neutrino observatories.Comment: 9 RevTeX pages, 4 figure

Kepler Observations of Rapid Optical Variability in Active Galactic Nuclei

Over three quarters in 2010 - 2011, Kepler monitored optical emission from four active galactic nuclei (AGN) with approx 30 min sampling, > 90% duty cycle and approx < 0.1% repeatability. These data determined the AGN optical fluctuation power spectral density functions (PSDs) over a wide range in temporal frequency. Fits to these PSDs yielded power law slopes of -2.6 to -3.3, much steeper than typically seen in the X-rays. We find evidence that individual AGN exhibit intrinsically different PSD slopes. The steep PSD fits are a challenge to recent AGN variability models but seem consistent with first order MRI theoretical calculations of accretion disk fluctuations

Enhanced signal of astrophysical tau neutrinos propagating through Earth

Earth absorbs \nue and \numu of energies above about 100 TeV. As is well-known, although \nutau will also disappear through charged-current interactions, the \nutau flux will be regenerated by prompt tau decays. We show that this process also produces relatively large fluxes of secondary \nube and \nubmu, greatly enhancing the detectability of the initial \nutau. This is particularly important because at these energies \nutau is a significant fraction of the expected astrophysical neutrino flux, and only a tiny portion of the atmospheric neutrino flux.Comment: Four pages, two inline figure

Management of tiny unruptured intracranial aneurysms: A comparative effectiveness analysis

© 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Importance: Unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) are relatively common in the general population and are being increasingly diagnosed; a significant proportion are tiny (≤3 mm) aneurysms. There is significant heterogeneity in practice and lack of clear guidelines on the management of incidental, tiny UIAs. It is important to quantify the implications of different management strategies in terms of health benefits to patients. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of routine treatment (aneurysm coiling) vs 3 strategies for imaging surveillance compared with no preventive treatment or routine follow-up of tiny UIAs. Design, Setting, and Participants: A decision-analytic model-based comparative effectiveness analysis was conducted from May 1 to June 30, 2017, using inputs from the medical literature. PubMed searches were performed to identify relevant literature for all key model inputs, each of which was derived from the clinical study with the most robust data and greatest applicability. Analysis included 10 000 iterations simulating adult patients with incidental detections of UIAs 3 mm or smaller and no history of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Interventions: The following 5 management strategies for tiny UIAs were evaluated: annual magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) screening, biennial MRA screening, MRA screening every 5 years, aneurysm coiling and follow-up, and no treatment or preventive follow-up. Main Outcomes and Measures: A Markov decision model for lifetime rupture was constructed from a societal perspective per 10 000 patients with incidental, tiny UIAs. Outcomes were assessed in terms of quality-adjusted life-years. Probabilistic, 1-way, and 2-way sensitivity analyses were performed. Results: In this analysis of 10000 iterations simulating adult patients with a mean age of 50 years, the base-case calculation shows that the management strategy of no treatment or preventive follow-up has the highest health benefit (mean [SD] quality-adjusted life-years, 19.40[0.31]). Among the management strategies that incorporate follow-up imaging, MRA every 5 years is the best strategy with the next highest effectiveness (mean [SD] quality-adjusted life-years, 18.05 [0.62]). The conclusion remains robust in probabilistic and 1-way sensitivity analyses. Noroutine follow-up remains the optimal strategy when the annual growth rate and risk of rupture of growing aneurysms are varied. When the annual risk of rupture of nongrowing UIAs is less than 1.7%(0.23% in base case scenario), no follow-up is the optimal strategy. If annual risk of rupture is more than 1.7%, coiling should be performed directly. Conclusions and Relevance: Given the current literature, no preventive treatment or imaging follow-up is the most effective strategy in patients with aneurysms that are 3mm or smaller, resulting in better health outcomes. More aggressive imaging surveillance for aneurysm growth or preventive treatment should be reserved for patients with a high risk of rupture. Given these findings, it is important to critically evaluate the appropriateness of current clinical practices, and potentially determine specific guidelines to reflect the most effective management strategy for patients with incidental, tiny UIAs

Comparative study of chlorhexidine dressings versus simple gauze dressings in midline laparotomy wound

Background: Wound infections are the most common complication of surgery that adds significantly to the morbidity of the patient and the cost of the treatment. Most of the surgical site infections are preventable. Dressing is an active element of wound management, designed to control infection and promote healing. This study was done to compare clinical efficacy of normal gauze dressings versus chlorhexidine dressings in midline laparotomy wounds.Methods: Patients with midline laparotomy incision were randomized to receive either gauze or chlorhexidine dressings. Bacterial colonization, post- operative fever, frequency of infection, change of dressings, hospital stay and postoperative pain were assessed at the start of treatment and at weekly intervals until full healing occurred.Results: A total of 128 patients were enrolled in the study and divided into 2 groups viz chlorhexidine group (Group A) and Simple gauze group (Group B) with 64 patients each. Wound cultures, change of antibiotics, post-operative soakage, median hospital stay duration, postoperative pain, post- operative wound infection, and follow up visits for wound healing were compared between two groups A and B and statistical significance established.Conclusions: The analysis of wound culture, fever incidence and frequency of infection on Chlorhexidine dressings showed decreasing trends compared to traditional dressings

Identifying the Neutrino mass Ordering with INO and NOvA

The relatively large value of $\theta_{13}$ established recently by the Daya Bay reactor experiment opens the possibility to determine the neutrino mass ordering with experiments currently under construction. We investigate synergies between the NOvA long-baseline accelerator experiment with atmospheric neutrino data from the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). We identify the requirements on energy and direction reconstruction and detector mass for INO necessary for a significant sensitivity. If neutrino energy and direction reconstruction at the level of 10% and 10 degree can be achieved by INO a determination of the neutrino mass ordering seems possible around 2020.Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures, minor improvements and clarifications, new panel in fig. 7, version to appear in JHEP, typo in eq. 4 correcte

Investigating the evolution of the dual AGN system ESO~509-IG066

We analyze the evolution of the dual AGN in ESO 509-IG066, a galaxy pair located at z=0.034 whose nuclei are separated by 11 kpc. Previous observations with XMM-Newton on this dual AGN found evidence for two moderately obscured ($N_H\sim10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$) X-ray luminous ($L_X\sim10^{43}$ erg/s) nuclear sources. We present an analysis of subsequent Chandra, NuSTAR and Swift/XRT observations that show one source has dropped in flux by a factor of 10 between 2004 and 2011, which could be explained by either an increase in the absorbing column or an intrinsic fading of the central engine possibly due to a decrease in mass accretion. Both of these scenarios are predicted by galaxy merger simulations. The source which has dropped in flux is not detected by NuSTAR, which argues against absorption, unless it is extreme. However, new Keck/LRIS optical spectroscopy reveals a previously unreported broad H-alpha line which is highly unlikely to be visible under the extreme absorption scenario. We therefore conclude that the black hole in this nucleus has undergone a dramatic drop in accretion rate. From AO-assisted near-infrared integral-field spectroscopy of the other nucleus, we find evidence that the galaxy merger is having a direct effect on the kinematics of the gas close to the nucleus of the galaxy, providing a direct observational link between the galaxy merger and the mass accretion rate on to the black hole.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap