4,243 research outputs found
Software Management in the LHCb Online System
LHCb has a large online IT infrastructure with thousands of servers and embedded systems, network routers and switches, databases and storage appliances. These systems run a large number of different applications on various operating systems. The dominant operating systems are Linux and MS-Windows. This large heterogeneous environment, operated by a small number of administrators, requires that new software or updates can be pushed quickly, reliably and as automated as possible. We present here the general design of LHCb's software management along with the main tools: LinuxFC / Quattor and Microsoft SMS, how they have been adapted and integrated and discuss experiences and problems
Attosecond magnetization dynamics in non-magnetic materials driven by intense femtosecond lasers
Irradiating solids with ultrashort laser pulses is known to initiate femtosecond timescale magnetization dynamics. However, sub-femtosecond spin dynamics have not yet been observed or predicted. Here, we explore ultrafast light-driven spin dynamics in a highly non-resonant strong-field regime. Through state-of-the-art ab-initio calculations, we predict that a non-magnetic material can be transiently transformed into a magnetic one via dynamical extremely nonlinear spin-flipping processes, which occur on attosecond timescales and are mediated by a combination of multi-photon and spin-orbit interactions. These are non-perturbative non-resonant analogues to the inverse Faraday effect that build up from cycle-to-cycle as electrons gain angular momentum. Remarkably, we show that even for linearly polarized driving, where one does not intuitively expect any magnetic response, the magnetization transiently oscillates as the system interacts with light. This oscillating response is enabled by transverse anomalous light-driven currents in the solid, and typically occurs on timescales of ~500 attoseconds. We further demonstrate that the speed of magnetization can be controlled by tuning the laser wavelength and intensity. An experimental set-up capable of measuring these dynamics through pump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy is outlined and simulated. Our results pave the way for new regimes of ultrafast manipulation of magnetism
Light-Driven Extremely Nonlinear Bulk Photogalvanic Currents
We predict the generation of bulk photocurrents in materials driven by bichromatic fields that are circularly polarized and corotating. The nonlinear photocurrents have a fully controllable directionality and amplitude without requiring carrier-envelope-phase stabilization or few-cycle pulses, and can be generated with photon energies much smaller than the band gap (reducing heating in the photoconversion process). We demonstrate with ab initio calculations that the photocurrent generation mechanism is universal and arises in gaped materials (Si, diamond, MgO, hBN), in semimetals (graphene), and in two- and three-dimensional systems. Photocurrents are shown to rely on sub-laser-cycle asymmetries in the nonlinear response that build-up coherently from cycle to cycle as the conduction band is populated. Importantly, the photocurrents are always transverse to the major axis of the co-circular lasers regardless of the material's structure and orientation (analogously to a Hall current), which we find originates from a generalized time-reversal symmetry in the driven system. At high laser powers (∼1013 W/cm2) this symmetry can be spontaneously broken by vast electronic excitations, which is accompanied by an onset of carrier-envelope-phase sensitivity and ultrafast many-body effects. Our results are directly applicable for efficient light-driven control of electronics, and for enhancing sub-band-gap bulk photogalvanic effects
Contributions of order to form factors and unitarity of the CKM matrix
The form factors for the semileptonic decay are computed to
order in generalized chiral perturbation theory. The main difference
with the standard expressions consists in contributions quadratic in
quark masses, which are described by a single divergence-free low-energy
constant, . A new simultaneous analysis is presented for the CKM matrix
element , the ratio , decay rates and the
scalar form factor slope . This framework easily accommodates the
precise value for deduced from superallowed nuclear -decays
Time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of strong-field light-dressed solids: Prevalence of the adiabatic band picture
In recent years, strong-field physics in condensed matter was pioneered as a potential approach for controlling material properties through laser dressing, as well as for ultrafast spectroscopy via nonlinear light-matter interactions (e.g., harmonic generation). A potential controversy arising from these advancements is that it is sometimes vague which band picture should be used to interpret strong-field experiments: The field-free bands, the adiabatic (instantaneous) field-dressed bands, Floquet bands, or some other intermediate picture. Here, we try to resolve this issue by performing theoretical experiments of time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (Tr-ARPES) for a strong-field laser-pumped solid, which should give access to the actual observable bands of the irradiated material. To our surprise, we find that the adiabatic band picture survives quite well up to high field intensities (∼1012W/cm2) and in a wide frequency range (driving wavelengths of 4000 to 800 nm, with Keldysh parameters ranging up to ∼7). We conclude that, to first order, the adiabatic instantaneous bands should be the standard blueprint for interpreting ultrafast electron dynamics in solids when the field is highly off resonant with characteristic energy scales of the material. We then discuss weaker effects of modifications of the bands beyond this picture that are nonadiabatic, showing that by using bichromatic fields the deviations from the standard picture can be probed with enhanced sensitivity. In this paper, we outline a clear band picture for the physics of strong-field interactions in solids, which should be useful for designing and analyzing strong-field experimental observables and to formulate simpler semi-empirical models
Probing Shadowed Nuclear Sea with Massive Gauge Bosons in the Future Heavy-Ion Collisions
The production of the massive bosons and could provide an
excellent tool to study cold nuclear matter effects and the modifications of
nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) relative to parton distribution
functions (PDFs) of a free proton in high energy nuclear reactions at the LHC
as well as in heavy-ion collisions (HIC) with much higher center-of mass
energies available in the future colliders. In this paper we calculate the
rapidity and transverse momentum distributions of the vector boson and their
nuclear modification factors in p+Pb collisions at TeV and in
Pb+Pb collisions at TeV in the framework of perturbative QCD
by utilizing three parametrization sets of nPDFs: EPS09, DSSZ and nCTEQ. It is
found that in heavy-ion collisions at such high colliding energies, both the
rapidity distribution and the transverse momentum spectrum of vector bosons are
considerably suppressed in wide kinematic regions with respect to p+p reactions
due to large nuclear shadowing effect. We demonstrate that in the massive
vector boson productions processes with sea quarks in the initial-state may
give more contributions than those with valence quarks in the initial-state,
therefore in future heavy-ion collisions the isospin effect is less pronounced
and the charge asymmetry of W boson will be reduced significantly as compared
to that at the LHC. Large difference between results with nCTEQ and results
with EPS09 and DSSZ is observed in nuclear modifications of both rapidity and
distributions of and in the future HIC.Comment: 13 pages, 21 figures, version accepted for publication in Eur. Phys.
J.
Four-point correlator constraints on electromagnetic chiral parameters and resonance effective Lagrangians
We pursue the analysis of a set of generalized DGMLY sum rules for the
electromagnetic chiral parameters at order and discuss implications
for effective Lagrangians with resonances. We exploit a formalism in which
charge spurions are introduced and treated as sources. We show that no
inconsistency arises from anomalies up to quadratic order in the spurions. We
focus on the sum rules associated with QCD 4-point correlators which were not
analyzed in detail before. Convergence properties of the sum rules are deduced
from a general analysis of the form of the counterterms in the presence of
electromagnetic spurions. Following the approach in which vector and
axial-vector resonances are described with antisymmetric tensor fields and have
a chiral order, we show that the convergence constraints are violated at chiral
order four and can be satisfied by introducing a set of terms of order six. The
relevant couplings get completely and uniquely determined from a set of
generalized Weinberg sum-rule relations. An update on the corrections to
Dashen's low-energy theorem is given.Comment: 42 pages, 1 figure. v2: references adde
High-harmonic generation in liquids with few-cycle pulses: effect of laser-pulse duration on the cut-off energy
High-harmonic generation (HHG) in liquids is opening new opportunities for attosecond light sources and attosecond time-resolved studies of dynamics in the liquid phase. In gas-phase HHG, few-cycle pulses are routinely used to create isolated attosecond pulses and to extend the cut-off energy. Here, we study the properties of HHG in liquids, including water and several alcohols, by continuously tuning the pulse duration of a mid-infrared driver from the multi- to the sub-two-cycle regime. Similar to the gas phase, we observe the transition from discrete odd-order harmonics to continuous extreme-ultraviolet emission. However, the cut-off energy is shown to be entirely independent of the pulse duration. This observation is confirmed by ab-initio simulations of HHG in large clusters. Our results support the notion that the cut-off energy is a fundamental property of the liquid, independent of the driving-pulse properties. Combined with the recently reported wavelength-independence of the cutoff, these results confirm the direct sensitivity of HHG to the mean-free paths of slow electrons in liquids. Our results additionally imply that few-cycle mid-infrared laser pulses are suitable drivers for generating isolated attosecond pulses from liquids
Herschel observations of interstellar chloronium. II - Detections toward G29.96-0.02, W49N, W51, and W3(OH), and determinations of the ortho-to-para and Cl/Cl isotopic ratios
We report additional detections of the chloronium molecular ion, HCl,
toward four bright submillimeter continuum sources: G29.96, W49N, W51, and
W3(OH). With the use of the HIFI instrument on the Herschel Space Observatory,
we observed the transition of ortho-HCl at 781.627
GHz in absorption toward all four sources. Much of the detected absorption
arises in diffuse foreground clouds that are unassociated with the background
continuum sources and in which our best estimates of the ratio lie in the range .
These chloronium abundances relative to atomic hydrogen can exceed the
predictions of current astrochemical models by up to a factor of 5. Toward
W49N, we have also detected the transition of
ortho-HCl at 780.053 GHz and the transition of
para-HCl at 485.418 GHz. These observations imply column density ratios that are consistent with the
solar system Cl/Cl isotopic ratio of 3.1, and chloronium
ortho-to-para ratios consistent with 3, the ratio of spin statistical weights.Comment: 31 pages, including 7 figures. Accepted for publication in the Ap
Probing the low-energy electron-scattering dynamics in liquids with high-harmonic spectroscopy
High-harmonic spectroscopy (HHS) is a nonlinear all-optical technique with inherent attosecond temporal resolution, which has been applied successfully to a broad variety of systems in the gas phase and solid state. Here, we extend HHS to the liquid phase, and uncover the mechanism of high-harmonic generation (HHG) for this phase of matter. Studying HHG over a broad range of wavelengths and intensities, we show that the cut-off (Ec) is independent of the wavelength beyond a threshold intensity, and find that Ec is a characteristic property of the studied liquid. We explain these observations within an intuitive semi-classical model based on electron trajectories that are limited by scattering to a characteristic length, which is connected to the electron mean-free path. Our model is validated against rigorous multi-electron time-dependent density-functional theory calculations in, both, supercells of liquid water with periodic boundary conditions, and large clusters of a variety of liquids. These simulations confirm our interpretation and thereby clarify the mechanism of HHG in liquids. Our results demonstrate a new, all-optical access to effective mean-free paths of slow electrons (≤10 eV) in liquids, in a regime that is inaccessible to accurate calculations, but is critical for the understanding of radiation damage to living tissue. Our work also establishes the possibility of resolving sub-femtosecond electron dynamics in liquids, which offers a novel, all-optical approach to attosecond spectroscopy of chemical processes in their native liquid environment
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