The Chemistry of Solidagenone and Peucenin Congeners

Part 1 In an attempt to clarify a botanical classification problem, the chemical constituents of Ptaeroxylon obliquum were investigated. Structures ore proposed for three chromones and four coumarins isolated from the timber. Two novel chromones, Karenin and desoxykarenin (ptaeroxylin), have been shown to possess a seven-membered oxide ring fused to a 5-hydroxy-2-methylchromono nucleus. The linear direction of fusion was uniquely defined by the isolation of dihydropeucenin as a hydrogenolysis product of both Karenin and desoxykarenin. Peucenin was also isolated and its structure confirmed. The functionality and position of substituents for the coumarins was derived from spectral data. The structure of 7-0-(3,3-dimethylallyl)scopolotin was verified by acid hydrolysis to scopoletin and synthesis from aesculin. Two further coumarins, nieshoutin and nieshoutol, from spectral behaviour, are very similar; both possess a fused trimethyldihydrofuran system but have not been related chemically. On biogenotic and other evidence, structures have been proposed and a recent synthesis in this laboratory confirms the constitution of the former. Part2 A systematic study of the carbonyl and hydroxyl regions of the infrared solution spectra of twenty-seven chromones has been undertaken. The results of a qualitative survey of the effects of progressive structural changes on the spectral profile of the carbonyl region are presented. Although the hydroxyl stretching frequencies were easily identified, the complexity of the carbonyl spectrum did not allow a unique assignment of the carbonyl stretching frequency. Variation of solvent polarity and temperature proved to be of little value in this assignment. The spectra of seven chromones containing a deuterium-enriched 5-hydroxyl group indicated that two maxima, ca. 1660 and ca, 1630 cm.-1, had high carbonyl character. The possible dependence of spectral splitting on an intramolecular vibrational effect (Fermi resonance) is discussed with reference to two nuclearly deuterated derivatives of 5-hydroxy-2-mothylchromone and to oxygen-18 enriched 5-hydroxy--- 2-methylchromone

Purposeful Movement in an Early Childhood Classroom

The purpose of this action research was to determine the effects of physical activity through purposeful movement on behaviors and the ability to focus in a mixed-age Montessori Early Childhood classroom. The intervention took place over a period of six weeks in an independent school setting with 17 children ages 2.5 to 6. Data was collected using observation tallies and notes, a teacher journal, and interviews with the children. Results show some of the children’s behaviors were positively affected by the use of specific movement materials. Although there was not much change observed, the intervention appeared to help some children become less distracted and helped them with their ability to focus on lessons in the classroom. Movement lessons in the research that required focused attention for their use were seen to create feelings of calmness in the children. Further research might include the introduction of focused movement exercises such as yoga or the introduction of meditation

American Education Finance Association

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Practical significance of the physical constitution of coal in coal preparation

Report of Investigations No. 82. Two articles reprinted from the Journal of Geology.Ope