Quasiclassical theory for the superconducting proximity effect in Dirac materials

We derive the quasiclassical non-equilibrium Eilenberger and Usadel equations to first order in quantities small compared to the Fermi energy, valid for Dirac edge and surface electrons with spin-momentum locking, as relevant for topological insulators. We discuss in detail several of the key technical points and assumptions of the derivation, and provide a Riccati-parametrization of the equations. Solving first the equilibrium equations for S/N and S/F bilayers and Josephson junctions, we study the superconducting proximity effect in Dirac materials. Similarly to related works, we find that the effect of an exchange field depends strongly on the direction of the field. Only components normal to the transport direction lead to attenuation of the Cooper pair wavefunction inside the F. Fields parallel to the transport direction lead to phase-shifts in the dependence on the superconducting phase difference for both the charge current and density of states in an S/F/S-junction. Moreover, we compute the differential conductance in S/N and S/F bilayers with an applied voltage bias, and determine the dependence on the length of the N and F regions and the exchange field.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Critical Temperature and Tunneling Spectroscopy of Superconductor-Ferromagnet Hybrids with Intrinsic Rashba-Dresselhaus Spin-Orbit Coupling

We investigate theoretically how the proximity effect in superconductor/ferromagnet hybrid structures with intrinsic spin-orbit coupling manifests in the density of states and critical temperature. To describe a general scenario, we allow for both Rashba and Dresselhaus type spin-orbit coupling. Our results are obtained via the quasiclassical theory of superconductivity, extended to include spin-orbit coupling in the Usadel equation and Kupriyanov--Lukichev boundary conditions. Unlike previous works, we have derived a Riccati parametrization of the Usadel equation with spin-orbit coupling which allows us to address the full proximity regime. First, we consider the density of states in both SF bilayers and SFS trilayers, where the spectroscopic features in the latter case are sensitive to the phase difference between the two superconductors. We find that the presence of spin-orbit coupling leaves clear spectroscopic fingerprints in the density of states due to its role in creating spin-triplet Cooper pairs. Unlike SF and SFS structures without spin-orbit coupling, the density of states in the present case depends strongly on the direction of magnetization. We show that the spin-orbit coupling can stabilize singlet superconductivity even in the presence of a strong exchange field $h \gg \Delta$. This leads to the possibility of a magnetically tunable minigap: changing the direction of the exchange field opens and closes the minigap. We also determine how the critical temperature $T_c$ of an SF bilayer is affected by spin-orbit coupling and demonstrate that one can achieve a spin-valve effect with a single ferromagnet. We find that $T_c$ displays highly non-monotonic behavior both as a function of the magnetization direction and the type and direction of the spin-orbit coupling, offering a new way to exert control over the superconductivity of proximity structures.Comment: 25 pages, 21 figures. Accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

Physics of SNeIa and Cosmology

We give an overview of the current understanding of Type Ia supernovae relevant for their use as cosmological distance indicators. We present the physical basis to understand their homogeneity of the observed light curves and spectra and the observed correlations. This provides a robust method to determine the Hubble constant, 67 +- 8 (2 sigma) km/Mpc/sec, independently from primary distance indicators. We discuss the uncertainties and tests which include SNe Ia based distance determinations prior to delta-Ceph. measurements for the host galaxies. Based on detailed models, we study the small variations from homogeneities and their observable consequences. In combination with future data, this underlines the suitability and promises the refinements needed to determine accurate relative distances within 2 to 3 % and to use SNe Ia for high precision cosmology.Comment: to be published in "Stellar Candles", eds. Gieren et al. Lecture Notes in Physics (http://link.springer.de/series/lnpp

Strong Gravitational Lensing and Dark Energy Complementarity

In the search for the nature of dark energy most cosmological probes measure simple functions of the expansion rate. While powerful, these all involve roughly the same dependence on the dark energy equation of state parameters, with anticorrelation between its present value w_0 and time variation w_a. Quantities that have instead positive correlation and so a sensitivity direction largely orthogonal to, e.g., distance probes offer the hope of achieving tight constraints through complementarity. Such quantities are found in strong gravitational lensing observations of image separations and time delays. While degeneracy between cosmological parameters prevents full complementarity, strong lensing measurements to 1% accuracy can improve equation of state characterization by 15-50%. Next generation surveys should provide data on roughly 10^5 lens systems, though systematic errors will remain challenging.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure

The massive star binary fraction in young open clusters I. NGC 6231 revisited

We present the results of a long-term high-resolution spectroscopy campaign on the O-type stars in NGC 6231. We revise the spectral classification and multiplicity of these objects and we constrain the fundamental properties of the O-star population. Almost three quarters of the O-type stars in the cluster are members of a binary system. The minimum binary fraction is 0.63, with half the O-type binaries having an orbital period of the order of a few days. The eccentricities of all the short-period binaries are revised downward, and henceforth match a normal period-eccentricity distribution. The mass-ratio distribution shows a large preference for O+OB binaries, ruling out the possibility that, in NGC 6231, the companion of an O-type star is randomly drawn from a standard IMF. Obtained from a complete and homogeneous population of O-type stars, our conclusions provide interesting observational constraints to be confronted with the formation and early-evolution theories of O stars.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures. Accepted by MNRA

Vegetative morphology and interfire survival strategies in the Cape Fynbos grasses

It is shown that there is a wide range of structural variation in the habit of the Arundineae and Ehrharteae of the fynbos of the Cape Floristic Region (Cape Province, South Africa). Structural differences in the bases of the fynbos grasses have been classified into four groups: swollen, knotty tillering, weak and annual. Variation in the position of the innovation buds occurs with one group having basal perennating buds, implying that all the culm material is annual, while the second group has cauline innovation buds, leading to the development of a divaricate perennial herb. The recognition of caducous, mesic (orthophyllous) and sclerophyllous leaf blades is also possible, based on leaf morphology and anatomy. These variations in growth forms allow the classification of the Cape grasses into five guilds adapted for survival in the dense fynbos vegetation that develops between the well-spaced fires in these heathlands. The following guilds have been recognized: competition avoiders that grow on rock ledges and outcrops where competition from shrubby vegetation is reduced; reseeders, that survive the protracted interfire period as seed; geophytes, that survive this period as underground organs; coppicers, that survive as small plants; and competitors, that grow tall by means of cauline innovation buds, and so are able to compete with the shrubby heath vegetation

Paper Session I-A - An Examination of the Human Factors Support of NASA\u27s Safety Directorate on the Space Station Processing Facility

The goal of the Human Factors Engineering (HFE) pilot project undertaken by NASA on the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, is to demonstrate the advantages of using Human Factors to support NASA Safety. The primary objective of the project is to demonstrate how Human Factors can assist in decreasing the causes of accidents by reducing error producing situations. The project began with a review of design drawings for the SSPF, in which all Human Factors (HF) concerns were identified especially those that affected personnel safety, pay load protection, and operational efficiency. Visits to other KSC facilities produced insights that could be applied to the drawing critiques when the drawings were not sufficient to disclose how the facility\u27s characteristics would fulfill operational needs. Overall, the drawing review revealed a broad range of HF and Safety concerns. When possible, these concerns were discussed with the appropriate engineering personnel to effect workable solutions. To date, some of these HF & Safety concerns have been resolved by incorporating HF principles. Thus, this project has reduced potential problems that can contribute to accidents and costly delays, such as the Magellan Spacecraft incident in October of 1988. This incident typifies payload processing problems that can develop unexpectedly within any processing facility when Human Factors issues are either ignored or overlooked in the initial design of the spacecraft or in developing appropriate service and checkout procedures. Although the problem occurred on a spacecraft, this type of problem also could easily occur within a processing facility, on payloads that are being processed, or on the ground support equipment being used to process the payloads. In addition, this project has led to the evaluation of candidate methods for the implementation of HF. Among these, a means of conducting HF evaluations during Engineering Prototyping in a Computer Aided Design environment. This innovative technique is expected to demonstrate the Safety advantage and substantial cost savings of incorporating HF principles

The Struve-Sahade effect in the optical spectra of O-type binaries I. Main-sequence systems

We present a spectroscopic analysis of four massive binary systems that are known or are good candidates to display the Struve-Sahade effect (defined as the apparent strengthening of the secondary spectrum of the binary when the star is approaching, and the corresponding weakening of the lines when it is receding). We use high resolution optical spectra to determine new orbital solutions and spectral types of HD 165052, HD 100213, HD 159176 and DH Cep. As good knowledge of the fundamental parameters of the considered systems is necessary to examine the Struve-Sahade effect. We then study equivalent width variations in the lines of both components of these binaries during their orbital cycle. In the case of these four systems, variations appear in the equivalent widths of some lines during the orbital cycle, but the definition given above can any longer be valid, since it is now clear that the effect modifies the primary spectrum as much as the secondary spectrum. Furthermore, the lines affected, and the way in which they are affected, depend on the considered system. For at least two of them (HD 100213 and HD 159176) these variations probably reflect the ellipsoidal variable nature of the system.Comment: 12 pages, 20 figures, in press A&