The enclosure method for the heat equation

This paper shows how the enclosure method which was originally introduced for elliptic equations can be applied to inverse initial boundary value problems for parabolic equations. For the purpose a prototype of inverse initial boundary value problems whose governing equation is the heat equation is considered. An explicit method to extract an approximation of the value of the support function at a given direction of unknown discontinuity embedded in a heat conductive body from the temperature for a suitable heat flux on the lateral boundary for a fixed observation time is given.Comment: 12pages. This is the final versio

Probe method and a Carleman function

A Carleman function is a special fundamental solution with a large parameter for the Laplace operator and gives a formula to calculate the value of the solution of the Cauchy problem in a domain for the Laplace equation. The probe method applied to an inverse boundary value problem for the Laplace equation in a bounded domain is based on the existence of a special sequence of harmonic functions which is called a {\it needle sequence}. The needle sequence blows up on a special curve which connects a given point inside the domain with a point on the boundary of the domain and is convergent locally outside the curve. The sequence yields a reconstruction formula of unknown discontinuity, such as cavity, inclusion in a given medium from the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map. In this paper, an explicit needle sequence in {\it three dimensions} is given in a closed form. It is an application of a Carleman function introduced by Yarmukhamedov. Furthermore, an explicit needle sequence in the probe method applied to the reduction of inverse obstacle scattering problems with an {\it arbitrary} fixed wave number to inverse boundary value problems for the Helmholtz equation is also given.Comment: 2 figures, final versio

Radiating and non-radiating sources in elasticity

In this work, we study the inverse source problem of a fixed frequency for the Navier's equation. We investigate that nonradiating external forces. If the support of such a force has a convex or non-convex corner or edge on their boundary, the force must be vanishing there. The vanishing property at corners and edges holds also for sufficiently smooth transmission eigenfunctions in elasticity. The idea originates from the enclosure method: The energy identity and new type exponential solutions for the Navier's equation.Comment: 17 page

Initial structure development in the CO2 laser-heated drawing of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) fiber

Because rapid and uniform laser heating can fix the neck-drawing point in continuous drawing of PTT fiber, we have successfully analyzed the fiber structure development in the continuous drawing process by in-situ measurement with a time resolution of less than 1 ms. In this study, we investigated fiber structure development for PTT around the neck point controlled with a CO2 laser-heated apparatus during continuous drawing, through on-line measurements of WAXD, SAXS, and fiber temperature. Fiber temperature attained by laser radiation initiated a rise around −3 mm in relation to the neck point at 0 mm, and increased to about 90 °C, which is past the 45 °C Tg for PTT. The instantaneous increase in fiber temperature continued with a vertical ascent, with plastic deformation around the neck point. The crystalline diffraction pattern was revealed initially at the elapsed time of 0.415 ms immediately after necking, and remained fairly constant with elapsed time. The ultimate crystalline diffraction pattern for a completely drawn fiber showed little difference from that at the initial stage. In PET a two-dimensionally ordered structure in the form of a mesophase was detected immediately after the necking, whereas in PTT the phenomenon was not observed. With elapsed time, the d spacing of (002) plane decreased gradually due to transformation of the initial all-trans conformation into trans-gauche-gauche-trans conformation, and ultimately the PTT molecular chain could favorably adopt the trans-gauche-gauche-trans conformation. SAXS pattern immediately after the necking revealed an X-shape; the scattering intensity concentrated on meridian directions due to individual crystal development, and at 2 ms two-pointed scattering started to appear. Past 8 ms, the typical two-pointed scattering pattern was prominent and its intensity increased with elapsed time. Long period decreased with increasing elapsed time, but the crystallite size of meridian (002) plane hardly changed. The decrease in long period might be caused by chain relaxation in the amorphous region.ArticlePolymer. 49(26):5705-5713 (2008)journal articl

Computing Volume Bounds of Inclusions by EIT Measurements

The size estimates approach for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) allows for estimating the size (area or volume) of an unknown inclusion in an electrical conductor by means of one pair of boundary measurements of voltage and current. In this paper we show by numerical simulations how to obtain such bounds for practical application of the method. The computations are carried out both in a 2D and a 3D setting.Comment: 20 pages with figure

Mineralisation of surfactants using ultrasound and the Advanced Fenton Process

The destruction of the surfactants, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS) and dodecyl pyridinium chloride (DPC), using an advanced oxidation process is described. The use of zero valent iron (ZVI) and hydrogen peroxide at pH = 2.5 (the advanced Fenton process), with and without, the application of 20 kHz ultrasound leads to extensive mineralisation of both materials as determined by total organic carbon (TOC)measurements. For DBS, merely stirring with ZVI and H2O2 at 20°C leads to a 51% decrease in TOC, but using 20 kHz ultrasound at 40°C, maintaining the pH at 2.5 throughout and adding extra amounts of ZVI and H2O2 during the degradation, then the extent of mineralisation of DBS is substantially increased to 93%. A similar result is seen for DPC where virtually no degradation occurs at 20°C, but if extra amounts of both ZVI and hydrogen peroxide are introduced during the reaction at 40°C and the pH is maintained at 2.5, then an 87% mineralisation of DPC is obtained. The slow latent remediation of both surfactants and the mechanism of degradation are also discussed

Application of mixed formulations of quasi-reversibility to solve ill-posed problems for heat and wave equations: the 1d case

International audienceIn this paper we address some ill-posed problems involving the heat or the wave equation in one dimension, in particular the backward heat equation and the heat/wave equation with lateral Cauchy data. The main objective is to introduce some variational mixed formulations of quasi-reversibility which enable us to solve these ill-posed problems by using some classical La-grange finite elements. The inverse obstacle problems with initial condition and lateral Cauchy data for heat/wave equation are also considered, by using an elementary level set method combined with the quasi-reversibility method. Some numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the feasibility for our strategy in all those situations. 1. Introduction. The method of quasi-reversibility has now a quite long history since the pioneering book of Latt es and Lions in 1967 [1]. The original idea of these authors was, starting from an ill-posed problem which satisfies the uniqueness property, to introduce a perturbation of such problem involving a small positive parameter ε. This perturbation has essentially two effects. Firstly the perturbation transforms the initial ill-posed problem into a well-posed one for any ε, secondly the solution to such problem converges to the solution (if it exists) to the initial ill-posed problem when ε tends to 0. Generally, the ill-posedness in the initial problem is due to unsuitable boundary conditions. As typical examples of linear ill-posed problems one may think of the backward heat equation, that is the initial condition is replaced by a final condition, or the heat or wave equations with lateral Cauchy data, that is the usual Dirichlet or Neumann boundary condition on the boundary of the domain is replaced by a pair of Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on the same subpart of the boundary, no data being prescribed on the complementary part of the boundary

Inverse problems with partial data for a magnetic Schr\"odinger operator in an infinite slab and on a bounded domain

In this paper we study inverse boundary value problems with partial data for the magnetic Schr\"odinger operator. In the case of an infinite slab in $R^n$, $n\ge 3$, we establish that the magnetic field and the electric potential can be determined uniquely, when the Dirichlet and Neumann data are given either on the different boundary hyperplanes of the slab or on the same hyperplane. This is a generalization of the results of [41], obtained for the Schr\"odinger operator without magnetic potentials. In the case of a bounded domain in $R^n$, $n\ge 3$, extending the results of [2], we show the unique determination of the magnetic field and electric potential from the Dirichlet and Neumann data, given on two arbitrary open subsets of the boundary, provided that the magnetic and electric potentials are known in a neighborhood of the boundary. Generalizing the results of [31], we also obtain uniqueness results for the magnetic Schr\"odinger operator, when the Dirichlet and Neumann data are known on the same part of the boundary, assuming that the inaccessible part of the boundary is a part of a hyperplane

Conformal mapping for cavity inverse problem: an explicit reconstruction formula

International audienceIn this paper, we address a classical case of the Calder\'on (or conductivity) inverse problem in dimension two. We aim to recover the location and the shape of a single cavity $\omega$ (with boundary $\gamma$) contained in a domain $\Omega$ (with boundary $\Gamma$) from the knowledge of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann (DtN) map $\Lambda_\gamma: f \longmapsto \partial_n u^f|_{\Gamma}$, where $u^f$ is harmonic in $\Omega\setminus\overline{\omega}$, $u^f|_{\Gamma}=f$ and $u^f|_{\gamma}=c^f$, $c^f$ being the constant such that $\int_{\gamma}\partial_n u^f\,{\rm d}s=0$. We obtain an explicit formula for the complex coefficients $a_m$ arising in the expression of the Riemann map $z\longmapsto a_1 z + a_0 + \sum_{m\leqslant -1} a_m z^{m}$ that conformally maps the exterior of the unit disk onto the exterior of $\omega$. This formula is derived by using two ingredients: a new factorization result of the DtN map and the so-called generalized P\'olia-Szeg\"o tensors (GPST) of the cavity. As a byproduct of our analysis, we also prove the analytic dependence of the coefficients $a_m$ with respect to the DtN. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the efficiency and simplicity of the method