El mercado de las aguas en Chile desde la vigencia del Codigo de Aguas de 1981 y su proyeccion con la nueva reforma

63 p.El objetivo de esta memoria es realizar un análisis crítico e histórico de la evolución del mercado de las aguas en Chile en los últimos 25 años a través de las distintas concepciones políticas y económicas que han regido los destinos nuestro país, centrándonos principalmente en las falencias que posee la nueva legislación de aguas, la cual impide la libre transferibilidad de los derechos de aprovechamientos del recurso hídrico, para lo cual usaremos el método analítico. Esperamos que el lector logre apreciar las debilidades que hoy presenta el mercado de las aguas en Chile y el escaso estudio por parte de los juristas y economistas a nivel nacional, que hace que tengamos una ley deficiente en cuanto a la asignación del vital elemento

Sensitivity of Fusarium graminearum to tebuconazole, metconazole, and prothioconazole fungicides

Non-Peer ReviewedTriazole fungicides, along with cultural disease control strategies, has been a useful tool in managing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in the absence of satisfactory levels of FHB resistance in the commercial wheat varieties. Although the triazoles have been used across the world since 1990's for FHB management, there are still very few reports on resistance built-up in the pathogen population. In this study we determined the sensitivity of 254 Fusarium graminearum isolates collected from Western Canada to prothioconazole, metconazole and tebuconazole. Phenotyping for fungicide sensitivity of F. graminearum isolates revealed phenotypic variation in the population for sensitivity to the three fungicides. There was no evidence of cross-resistance between prothioconazole, metconazole and tebuconazole

Preferencias hacia carne de cordero en supermercados de Temuco, región de la Araucanía, Chile

Lobos, G (Lobos, German). Univ Talca, Escuela Ingn Comercial, Talca, ChileThe low levels of consumption of lamb meat in Chile suggest the need for studies on consumer preferences in order to orient production. A study with this object was carried out to evaluate preferences for various cuts, breeds, state (fresh or frozen) and price of lamb's meat among supermarket buyers in Temuco, Chile, and the existence of different market segments, through a survey of 400 persons. Using a fractional factorial design for conjoint analysis, it was determined that the state of the meat was more important than the cut, the price and the breed, with a preference for meat in half carcasses and quarters, Araucano lamb, fresh, at a medium price level. Four consumer segments were distinguished by analysis of hierarchic conglomerates. The majority group (47.7%) was sensitive to the state and the cut, with preference for meat in quarters, fresh, Texel breed. The second group (25.3%) was sensitive to the breed, presenting the strongest preferences for meat in whole carcass, fresh, Araucano lamb. The third group (14.3%) was sensitive to the price, preferred meat in quarters, fresh, Araucano lamb. The minority group (12.7%) was sensitive to the state and price, preferring meat in quarters, Texel breed, and was the only group which preferred frozen meat and would pay a higher price. The segments were distinguished by age, ethnic origin and satisfaction with food-related life. Thus the commercialisation strategy for lamb in supermarkets in Temuco should concentrate principally on the sale of fresh meat cut in quarter

Detection of Bartonella henselae and Rickettsia felis in fleas from client-owned pets in Oklahoma

Bartonella sp. and Rickettsia sp. DNA were detected in cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), collected from urban, client-owned cats (Felis catus L.) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris L.) at Tulsa, OK, during 2017. Bartonella henselae (Regnery et al. 1992) was detected in four of six fleas (67%) from one cat, while Rickettsia felis (Bouyer et al. 2001) was detected in eight fleas from five animals.Peer reviewedEntomology and Plant Patholog

Brazilian spring wheat germplasm as source of genetic variability.

As part of a Canada-Brazil germplasm exchange, 106 modern and ancient Brazilian spring wheat cultivars have been genotyped and phenotypically evaluated in Canada since 201

Salmon Aquaculture and Antimicrobial Resistance in the Marine Environment

Antimicrobials used in salmon aquaculture pass into the marine environment. This could have negative impacts on marine environmental biodiversity, and on terrestrial animal and human health as a result of selection for bacteria containing antimicrobial resistance genes. We therefore measured the numbers of culturable bacteria and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in marine sediments in the Calbuco Archipelago, Chile, over 12-month period at a salmon aquaculture site approximately 20 m from a salmon farm and at a control site 8 km distant without observable aquaculture activities. Three antimicrobials extensively used in Chilean salmon aquaculture (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, and florfenicol) were studied. Although none of these antimicrobials was detected in sediments from either site, traces of flumequine, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial also widely used in Chile, were present in sediments from both sites during this period. There were significant increases in bacterial numbers and antimicrobial-resistant fractions to oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid, and florfenicol in sediments from the aquaculture site compared to those from the control site. Interestingly, there were similar numbers of presumably plasmid-mediated resistance genes for oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid and florfenicol in unselected marine bacteria isolated from both aquaculture and control sites. These preliminary findings in one location may suggest that the current use of large amounts of antimicrobials in Chilean aquaculture has the potential to select for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in marine sediments

Cooperation in Microbial Populations: Theory and Experimental Model Systems

Cooperative behavior, the costly provision of benefits to others, is common across all domains of life. This review article discusses cooperative behavior in the microbial world, mediated by the exchange of extracellular products called public goods. We focus on model species for which the production of a public good and the related growth disadvantage for the producing cells are well described. To unveil the biological and ecological factors promoting the emergence and stability of cooperative traits we take an interdisciplinary perspective and review insights gained from both mathematical models and well-controlled experimental model systems. Ecologically, we include crucial aspects of the microbial life cycle into our analysis and particularly consider population structures where an ensemble of local communities (sub populations) continuously emerge, grow, and disappear again. Biologically, we explicitly consider the synthesis and regulation of public good production. The discussion of the theoretical approaches includes general evolutionary concepts, population dynamics, and evolutionary game theory. As a specific but generic biological example we consider populations of Pseudomonas putida and its regulation and utilization of pyoverdines, iron scavenging molecules. The review closes with an overview on cooperation in spatially extended systems and also provides a critical assessment of the insights gained from the experimental and theoretical studies discussed. Current challenges and important new research opportunities are discussed, including the biochemical regulation of public goods, more realistic ecological scenarios resembling native environments, cell to cell signalling, and multi-species communities.Comment: Review article, 88 pages, 14 figure

Electrical cortical stimulation can impair production of the alphabet without impairing counting

Neurosurgery has the potential to cure patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, but carries the risk of permanent language impairment when surgery involves the dominant hemisphere of the brain. This risk can be estimated and minimized using electrical stimulation mapping (ESM), which uses cognitive and linguistic tasks during cortical ESM to differentiate "eloquent" and "resectable" areas in the brain. One such task, counting, is often used to screen and characterize language during ESM in patients whose language abilities are limited. Here we report a patient with drug-resistant epilepsy arising from the language-dominant hemisphere using fMRI. Our patient experienced loss of the ability to recite or write the alphabet, but not to count, during ESM of the dominant left posterior superior temporal gyrus. This selective impairment extended to both spoken and written production. We suggest the need for caution when using counting as a sole means to screen language function and as a method of testing low functioning patients using ESM