Nanotechnology in dentistry: prevention, diagnosis, and therapy

Ensanya Ali Abou Neel,1–3 Laurent Bozec,3 Roman A Perez,4,5 Hae-Won Kim,4–6 Jonathan C Knowles3,5 1Division of Biomaterials, Operative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 2Biomaterials Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt; 3UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, London, UK; 4Institute of Tissue Regenerative Engineering (ITREN), 5Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Plus NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, 6Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea Abstract: Nanotechnology has rapidly expanded into all areas of science; it offers significant alternative ways to solve scientific and medical questions and problems. In dentistry, nanotechnology has been exploited in the development of restorative materials with some significant success. This review discusses nanointerfaces that could compromise the longevity of dental restorations, and how nanotechnolgy has been employed to modify them for providing long-term successful restorations. It also focuses on some challenging areas in dentistry, eg, oral biofilm and cancers, and how nanotechnology overcomes these challenges. The recent advances in nanodentistry and innovations in oral health-related diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic methods required to maintain and obtain perfect oral health, have been discussed. The recent advances in nanotechnology could hold promise in bringing a paradigm shift in dental field. Although there are numerous complex therapies being developed to treat many diseases, their clinical use requires careful consideration of the expense of synthesis and implementation. Keywords: nanotechnology, nanointerfaces, biofilm-related oral diseases, tissue engineering, drug delivery, toxicit

Controls of the surface water partial pressure of CO₂ in the North Sea

The seasonal variability of the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) has been investigated in the North Sea, a northwest European shelf sea. Based on a seasonal and high spatial resolution data set the main controlling factors - biological processes and temperature - have been identified and quantified. In the central and northern parts being a CO2- sink all year round, the biological control dominates the temperature control. In the southern part, the temperature control dominates the biological control at an annual scale, since the shallow water column prevents stronger net-CO2 removal from the surface layer due to the absence of seasonal stratification. The consequence is a reversal of the CO2 sea-to- air flux during the spring bloom period, the only time, when CO2 is taken up from the atmosphere in the southern region. Net community production in the mixed layer has been estimated to 4mol Cm−2 yr−1 with higher values (4.3 mol Cm−2 yr−1) in the northern part and lower values in the southern part (2.6 mol Cm−2 yr−1)

Enhanced ocean carbon storage from anaerobic alkalinity generation in coastal sediments

The coastal ocean is a crucial link between land, the open ocean and the atmosphere. The shallowness of the water column permits close interactions between the sedimentary, aquatic and atmospheric compartments, which otherwise are decoupled at long time scales (≅ 1000 yr) in the open oceans. Despite the prominent role of the coastal oceans in absorbing atmospheric CO2 and transferring it into the deep oceans via the continental shelf pump, the underlying mechanisms remain only partly understood. Evaluating observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, we provide evidence that anaerobic degradation of organic matter, fuelled from land and ocean, generates total alkalinity (AT) and increases the CO2 buffer capacity of seawater. At both the basin wide and annual scales anaerobic AT generation in the North Sea's tidal mud flat area irreversibly facilitates 7–10%, or taking into consideration benthic denitrification in the North Sea, 20–25% of the North Sea's overall CO2 uptake. At the global scale, anaerobic AT generation could be accountable for as much as 60% of the uptake of CO2 in shelf and marginal seas, making this process, the anaerobic pump, a key player in the biological carbon pump. Under future high CO2 conditions oceanic CO2 storage via the anaerobic pump may even gain further relevance because of stimulated ocean productivity

Contrasted photochromic and luminescent properties in dinuclear Pt(II) complexes linked through a central dithienylethene unit

We disclose two unprecedented complexes built with a central dithienylethene photochrome connecting two cyclometalated Pt(ii) moieties either on the reactive carbon atoms or on the lateral non-reactive carbon atoms of the photochrome. The two systems show vastly different properties that are rationalised thanks to quantum-chemical calculations

Determinants and value relevance of UK CEO pay slice

This paper studies the CEO pay slice (CPS) of UK listed firms during the period 2003 to 2009. We investigate the determinants of CPS. We study the links between CPS and measures of firm performance. We find that firms with higher levels of corporate governance ratings and those with more independent boards tend to have higher CPS. In addition, we find that CEOs are more likely to receive lower compensation when they chair the board and when they work in firms with large board size. We also find that higher CPS is positively associated with firm performance after controlling for the firm-specific characteristics and corporate governance variables. We get compatible results when we examine the association between equity-based CPS and firm performance. Our results remain robust to alternative accounting measures of firm performance. Our results suggest that high UK CPS levels do indeed reflect top managerial talent rather than managerial power

Processes controlling the net carbon consumption of inorganic carbon in the North Sea

Data on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and nutrients have been collected during four cruises carried out in the whole North Sea, each cruise covering one month of each season between 2001 and 2002. The impact of biological activity, air-sea exchange and physical mixing processes on the monthly variations of DIC have been determined for each regions of the North Sea using the International Commission for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) boxes separation. For the February-July period, the biological activity was the main factor controlling the DIC variations in the upper layer of the whole North Sea and was responsible for a loss of 20 to 50 mmol m-3 month-1. The concomitant atmospheric input increased DIC by 8 to 12 mmol m-3, whereas the mixing term was low, except in the north-western North Sea, where it increased DIC concentrations by approximately 10 mmol m-3.We computed the Net Community Production based on Carbon (DIC) data (NCPC) for the North Sea. For the productive period, the NCPC was higher in the upper layer of the northern and central North Sea than in the coastal and southern areas. Maximum values of 1.0 to 1.5 mol C m-2 month-1 were observed inMay in the northern and central North Sea, whereas maximum of 0.5-0.7 mol C m-2 month-1 were observed in April in the southern and coastal areas of the North Sea.We compared the NCPC to the NCP calculated from nitrogen data from the same cruises and converted into moles of carbon using the Redfield ratios (NCPN). Results showed that in areas where nitrate was depleted by April, i.e. mainly in the central and northern North Sea, DIC consumption continues until July, leading to a large difference between NCPC and NCPN. On the other hand, in coastal areas where nitrate were available during the complete productive period, NCPC and NCPN were very similar. For the whole year in the upper layer of the North Sea, the NCPC of 2.3 mol C m-2 yr-1 was a factor two higher than NCPN and higher than previous calculation of the net carbon production in the North Sea based on nutrient data. We argue that NCP based on nutrient data converted to moles of carbon using the Redfield ratios, leads to underestimation of the net carbon production for the North Sea because of the preferential recycling of nutrients

The GRA Beam-Splitter Experiments and Particle-Wave Duality of Light

Grangier, Roger and Aspect (GRA) performed a beam-splitter experiment to demonstrate the particle behaviour of light and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer experiment to demonstrate the wave behaviour of light. The distinguishing feature of these experiments is the use of a gating system to produce near ideal single photon states. With the demonstration of both wave and particle behaviour (in two mutually exclusive experiments) they claim to have demonstrated the dual particle-wave behaviour of light and hence to have confirmed Bohr's principle of complementarity. The demonstration of the wave behaviour of light is not in dispute. But we want to demonstrate, contrary to the claims of GRA, that their beam-splitter experiment does not conclusively confirm the particle behaviour of light, and hence does not confirm particle-wave duality, nor, more generally, does it confirm complementarity. Our demonstration consists of providing a detailed model based on the Causal Interpretation of Quantum Fields (CIEM), which does not involve the particle concept, of GRA's which-path experiment. We will also give a brief outline of a CIEM model for the second, interference, GRA experiment.Comment: 24 pages, 4 figure

Variability of North Sea pH and CO₂ in response to North Atlantic Oscillation forcing

High biological activity causes a distinct seasonality of surface water pH in the North Sea, which is a strong sink for atmospheric CO₂ via an effective shelf pump. The intimate connection between the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean suggests that the variability of the CO₂ system of the North Atlantic Ocean may, in part, be responsible for the observed variability of pH and CO₂ in the North Sea. In this work, we demonstrate the role of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant climate mode for the North Atlantic, in governing this variability. Based on three extensive observational records covering the relevant levels of the NAO index, we provide evidence that the North Sea pH and CO₂ system strongly responds to external and internal expressions of the NAO. Under positive NAO, the higher rates of inflow of water from the North Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic outflow lead to a strengthened north-south biogeochemical divide. The limited mixing between the north and south leads to a steeper gradient in pH and partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) between the two regions in the productive period. This is exacerbated further when coinciding with higher sea surface temperature, which concentrates the net community production in the north through shallower stratification. These effects can be obscured by changing properties of the constituent North Sea water masses, which are also influenced by NAO. Our results highlight the importance of examining interannual trends in the North Sea CO₂ system with consideration of the NAO state

CO2 supply from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea to the North Atlantic Ocean - evidence for the continental shelf pump

Coastal and marginal seas are thought to act as a continental shelf pump transporting CO2 from the atmosphere to the open oceans. The CO2 uptake in coastal seas is triggered by high biological activity increasing the CO2 concentrations of their waters which finally are transported to the open ocean. The North Sea and Baltic Sea located in north-west Europe are connected via the Skagerrak where the Baltic Sea water first enters the North Sea. The North Sea the provides then link to the North Atlantic Ocean. Carbon budgets for the Baltic Sea and the North Sea will be presented in order to provide evidence that in both seas the transfer of CO2, i.e. the continental shelf pump, acts in two different, but characteristic pattern. The Baltic Sea as a brackish water system collects river water and one might even call it as an estuarine system in a broader sense. Two major drainage areas provide the fresh water supply to the Baltic Sea: The Scandinavian shield supply CO2 –poor waters and the north-east European continent CO2 –rich waters. During the transport of Baltic Sea water to the North Sea the CO2 concentrations increase continuously. Riverine inputs in part control primary production in the Baltic Sea, however the major control mechanism is the winter nutrient concentrations. These are established by an interaction of production, remineralisation, export and riverine and atmospheric inputs on decadal time scale because of the residence time of the Baltic Sea water of approximately 25years. The Baltic Sea thus acts as a continental shelf pump for atmospheric CO2 which injects CO2-rich water to the Atlantic Ocean (injection pump). In contrast the North Sea water is renewed once to twice per year most notably by water from the North Atlantic Ocean. The major control mechanism of the biological activity in the North Sea are thus the continuous (and - in comparison to the Baltic Sea - high) nutrient inputs for the North Atlantic Ocean. For the CO2 export from the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean this means that the water is enriched by CO2 during its 6-12 month travel through the North Sea. Having in mind that almost no burial occurs in the North Sea, the North Sea acts as a continental shelf pump for atmospheric CO2 by increasing the CO2 concentrations in the Atlantic waters while they are bypassing through the North Sea (bypass-pump)

Electroactive biofilms: new means for electrochemistry

This work demonstrates that electrochemical reactions can be catalysed by the natural biofilms that form on electrode surfaces dipping into drinking water or compost. In drinking water, oxygen reduction was monitored with stainless steel ultra-microelectrodes under constant potential electrolysis at )0.30 V/SCE for 13 days. 16 independent experiments were conducted in drinking water, either pure or with the addition of acetate or dextrose. In most cases, the current increased and reached 1.5–9.5 times the initial current. The current increase was attributed to biofilm forming on the electrode in a similar way to that has been observed in seawater. Epifluorescence microscopy showed that the bacteria size and the biofilm morphology depended on the nutrients added, but no quantitative correlation between biofilm morphology and current was established. In compost, the oxidation process was investigated using a titanium based electrode under constant polarisation in the range 0.10–0.70 V/SCE. It was demonstrated that the indigenous micro-organisms were responsible for the current increase observed after a few days, up to 60 mA m)2. Adding 10 mM acetate to the compost amplified the current density to 145 mA m)2 at 0.50 V/SCE. The study suggests that many natural environments, other than marine sediments, waste waters and seawaters that have been predominantly investigated until now, may be able to produce electrochemically active biofilm