104 research outputs found

    2-Sulfonylpyrimidines as Privileged Warheads for the Development of S. aureus Sortase A Inhibitors

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    Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial and community-acquired infections, with emerging multiresistant isolates causing a significant burden to public health systems. We identified 2-sulfonylpyrimidines as a new class of potent inhibitors against S. aureus sortase A acting by covalent modification of the active site cysteine 184. Series of derivatives were synthesized to derive structure-activity relationship (SAR) with the most potent compounds displaying low micromolar K(I) values. Studies on the inhibition selectivity of homologous cysteine proteases showed that 2-sulfonylpyrimidines reacted efficiently with protonated cysteine residues as found in sortase A, though surprisingly, no reaction occurred with the more nucleophilic cysteine residue from imidazolinium-thiolate dyads of cathepsin-like proteases. By means of enzymatic and chemical kinetics as well as quantum chemical calculations, it could be rationalized that the S ( N )Ar reaction between protonated cysteine residues and 2-sulfonylpyrimidines proceeds in a concerted fashion, and the mechanism involves a ternary transition state with a conjugated base. Molecular docking and enzyme inhibition at variable pH values allowed us to hypothesize that in sortase A this base is represented by the catalytic histidine 120, which could be substantiated by QM model calculation with 4-methylimidazole as histidine analog

    Parasitic Nematodes Modulate PIN-Mediated Auxin Transport to Facilitate Infection

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    Plant-parasitic nematodes are destructive plant pathogens that cause significant yield losses. They induce highly specialized feeding sites (NFS) in infected plant roots from which they withdraw nutrients. In order to establish these NFS, it is thought that the nematodes manipulate the molecular and physiological pathways of their hosts. Evidence is accumulating that the plant signalling molecule auxin is involved in the initiation and development of the feeding sites of sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes. Intercellular transport of auxin is essential for various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we analysed the spatial and temporal expression of PIN auxin transporters during the early events of NFS establishment using promoter-GUS/GFP fusion lines. Additionally, single and double pin mutants were used in infection studies to analyse the role of the different PIN proteins during cyst nematode infection. Based on our results, we postulate a model in which PIN1-mediated auxin transport is needed to deliver auxin to the initial syncytial cell, whereas PIN3 and PIN4 distribute the accumulated auxin laterally and are involved in the radial expansion of the NFS. Our data demonstrate that cyst nematodes are able to hijack the auxin distribution network in order to facilitate the infection process

    Darstellung des Wärmeüberganges in konzentrischen Ringspalten unter Benutzung der Analogie zwischen Impulsaustausch und Wärmeaustausch

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    Die bisherigen Untersuchungen über den Druckverlust bei turbulenter isothermer und nichtisothermer Strömung in hydraulisch glatten Ringspalten führten zu einander widersprechenden Ergebnissen. Neben unterschiedlich großen Widerstandsbeiwerten sind vor allem hinsichtlich des Einflusses des Durchmesserverhältnisses völlig entgegengesetzte Tendenzen festgestellt worden. Über den Einfluß der temperaturabhängigen Stoffwerte bei nichtisothermer Strömung werden kaum Angaben gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit sollte durch theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zu einer Klärung der noch offenen Fragen beitragen. Zur Berechnung der Widerstandsbeiwerte muß die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung und die Lage des Geschwindigkeitsmaximums bekannt sein. Ausgehend von den von Prandtl für turbulente Strömung aufgestellten Schubspannungsansätzen wurde daher zunächst die allgemeine Geschwindigkeitsverteilung bei ausgebildeter isothermer Strömung in konzentrischen Ringspalten berechnet. Diese Ansätze geben dann die gemessene Geschwindigkeitsverteilung wieder, wenn man eine mittlere Schubspannungsgeschwindigkeit (Gl. (27)) einführt. Man erhält dann unabhängig von der Ringspaltgeometrie, sowohl am Innenrohr als auch am Außenrohr den gleichen Proportionalitätsfaktor für die Länge des Mischungsweges wie am Kreisrohr. Die aus den Schubspannungsansätzen abgeleiteten Wandgesetze für die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung am Innen- und Außenrohr unterscheiden sich dann nur noch durch die vom Durchmesserverhältnis abhängigen Größen C' und C", die experimentell bestimmt wurden und durch Gl. (42) und (148) berechnet werden können. Die bei nichtisothermer Strömung gemessenen Geschwindigkeitsverteilungenkönnen mit hinreichender Genauigkeit durch die gleichen universellen Wandgesetze beschrieben werden, wenn man die im dimensionslosen Wandabstand (Gl. (23a) und (24a)) vorkommende Zähigkeit mit der Randtemperatur der laminaren Unterschicht bildet. Sollen die Widerstandsbeiwerte aus den angegebenen Beziehungenzahlenmäßig ermittelt werden, so muß die Lage des Geschwindigkeitsmaximums bekannt sein. Da gerade hier in der Literatur die widersprüchlichsten Ansichten bestehen, war es notwendig, auch die Lage des Geschwindigkeitsmaximums genau zu bestimmen. Mit dem als Prestonrohr bekannten Wandreibungsmeßgerät wurden die Wandschubspannungen am Innen- und Außenrohr bei isothermer und nichtisothermer Strömung für verschiedene Durchmessverhältnisse [...

    Wärme- und strömungstechnische Untersuchungen zur Verwendung von direktgekühlten Coated-Particle-Schüttungen in Brennelementen

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    lt is theoretically studied both flow and Pressure loss of a directly cooled coated particle element with distributing and collecting channels. Pressure conditions for a representative element were measured and compared with the calculations . lt is shown by numerous calculations and by a considered FRJ-2 fuel element in how far afuel element has to follow the geometrical lay-out in order to satisfy the optimum requirements of flow and heat techniques. The distribution of the coolant in the fuel Iayer and the therefrom resulting temperature distribution were calculated by considering a Zarge variation of fuel element length, coated particle diameter, hollow tute resistance, and flow direction ; this is presented by figures

    Der Druckverlust in Schüttungen aus zylindrischen Körpern

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    From the theoretical point of view of the flow mechanism in packed beds of cylindrical bodies, a generally valid equation for the pressure drop was derived. Its general validity concerning the influence of the void fraction, the Body dimension di/da and the tube wall Dh_{h} was investigated by pressure drop measurements. The semi-empirical relation obtained between the dimensionless pressure drop, the Reynolds number and the geometry data is valid for 102^{2} < Re < 105^{5} , 0,34 < Σ\Sigma < 0,82, 0 \le di/da < 0,85, 6 < Dh_{h}/dv_{v} < 24. Measured data for the void fraction of packed beds of solid an hollow cylinders are given. The influence of the uncertainty in the void fraction an the pressure drop is represented quantitatively by means of an error calculation

    Die effektive Wärmeleitfähigkeit in Kugelschüttungen unter besondererBerücksichtigung des Hochtemperatur-Reaktors

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    Cell and quasihomogeneous models for determining of the effective thermal conductivity in packed beds are compared and their evidence is investigated by own experimental data both in the high and low temperature range under consideration of the stationary fluid. The quasihomogeneous model is extended to packed beds with spheres of relatively low thermal conductivity. The void radiation heat transfer is considered theoretically and is determined experimentally. Simplified formulas are presented for the computation of the effective thermal conductivity on the core of a high temperature reactor within a temperature range of 2500 °C

    Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Thermohydraulik in Kugelschüttungen im Vergleich mit dem Rechenprogramm Thermix-2D : die Untersuchung des dispersiven Wärmetransportes am Beispiel einer Kaltgassträhne

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    The computer code THERMIX-2D is tested with regard to the formalism for the effektive heat conductivity by experimental data. Exspecially the part of dispersion is investigated. In addition to the heated main stream a cooler gasstream is injected into the center of the packed bed. The thermal compensation is measured and calculated

    Die Entwicklung eines Notabschaltsystems für Kugelhaufenreaktoren: Ein Statusbericht

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    Es wird die Entwicklung eines Notabschaltsystems für Kugelhaufenreaktoren im einzelnen beschrieben. Dieses Abschaltsystem beruht auf der Verwendung von kleinen Absorberkugeln, die im Abschaltfall in die Kugelschüttung einrieseln und relativ gleichmäßig verteilt in der Kugelschüttung festgehalten werden. Die technische Machbarkeit des Systems konnte nachgewiesen werden und in vielen Einzeluntersuchungen die Eigenschaften dieses Abschaltsystems aufgeklärt werden

    PHOEBUS - an autonomous supply system with renewable energy : six years of operational experience and advanced concepts

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    The PHOEBUS demonstration plant has been supplying the Central Library of Forschungszentrum Julich (FZJ) with solar-generated electric energy all year round and independent of the public grid since 1993. The central task was to rest the required storage using hydrogen as the energy carrier in conjunction with an electrolyser and a fuel cell under realistic irradiance and consumption conditions and to demonstrate the feasibility of such a zero-emission supply system. The general objective was to determine weak points from the operating experience and measured data obtained, to model the system in a component-oriented manner for simulation, to energetically optimize the plant, to achieve high operational reliability and, above all, to propose and implement cost-reducing and advanced system modifications. With the aid of validated simulation programs, it was possible to carry out optimization analyses for plant operation (annual scenarios) and plant configuration. Two advanced concepts were developed: PHOEBUS-2, a simplified system with reduced energy losses, and PHOEBUS-3, a wind-PV hybrid system supplying both electricity and heat. The advanced concepts PHOEBUS-2 and PHOEBUS-3 are the theoretical basis for applications such as a solar home system, a solar village, a scientific polar station or a storage module for grid-connected operation that can be realized in the near future. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
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