Directed flow, a signal for the phase transition in Relativistic Nuclear Collisions?

The sign change of the slope of the directed flow of baryons has been predicted as a signal for a first order phase transition within fluid dynamical calculations. Recently, the directed flow of identified particles has been measured by the STAR collaboration in the beam energy scan (BES) program. In this article, we examine the collision energy dependence of directed flow $v_1$ in fluid dynamical model descriptions of heavy ion collisions for $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=3-20$ GeV. The first step is to reproduce the existing predictions within pure fluid dynamical calculations. As a second step we investigate the influence of the order of the phase transition on the anisotropic flow within a state-of-the-art hybrid approach that describes other global observables reasonably well. We find that, in the hybrid approach, there seems to be no sensitivity of the directed flow on the equation of state and in particular on the existence of a first order phase transition. In addition, we explore more subtle sensitivities like e.g. the Cooper-Frye transition criterion and discuss how momentum conservation and the definition of the event plane affects the results. At this point, none of our calculations matches qualitatively the behavior of the STAR data, the values of the slopes are always larger than in the data.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Systematics of parton-medium interaction from RHIC to LHC

Despite a wealth of experimental data for high-P_T processes in heavy-ion collisions, discriminating between different models of hard parton-medium interactions has been difficult. A key reason is that the pQCD parton spectrum at RHIC is falling so steeply that distinguishing even a moderate shift in parton energy from complete parton absorption is essentially impossible. In essence, energy loss models are effectively only probed in the vicinity of zero energy loss and, as a result, at RHIC energies only the pathlength dependence of energy loss offers some discriminating power. At LHC however, this is no longer the case: Due to the much flatter shape of the parton p_T spectra originating from 2.76 AGeV collisions, the available data probe much deeper into the model dynamics. A simultaneous fit of the nuclear suppression at both RHIC and LHC energies thus has great potential for discriminating between various models that yield equally good descriptions of RHIC data alone.Comment: Talk given at Quark Matter 2011, 22-28 May 2011, Annecy, Franc

Sensitivity analysis of the meteorological preprocessor MPP-FMI 3.0 using algorithmic differentiation

The meteorological input parameters for urbanand local-scale dispersion models can be evaluated by pre-processing meteorological observations, using a boundarylayer parameterisation model. This study presents a sensitivity analysis of a meteorological preprocessor model (MPP-FMI) that utilises readily available meteorological data as input. The sensitivity of the preprocessor to meteorological input was analysed using algorithmic differentiation (AD). The AD tool used was TAPENADE. The AD method numerically evaluates the partial derivatives of functions that are implemented in a computer program. In this study, we focus on the evaluation of vertical fluxes in the atmosphere and in particular on the sensitivity of the predicted inverse Obukhov length and friction velocity on the model input parameters. The study shows that the estimated inverse Obukhov length and friction velocity are most sensitive to wind speed and second most sensitive to solar irradiation. The dependency on wind speed is most pronounced at low wind speeds. The presented results have implications for improving the meteorological preprocessing models. AD is shown to be an efficient tool for studying the ranges of sensitivities of the predicted parameters on the model input values quantitatively. A wider use of such advanced sensitivity analysis methods could potentially be very useful in analysing and improving the models used in atmospheric sciences.Peer reviewe

Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine formulation and risk of childhood leukaemia

Incidence of childhood leukaemia was studied among subjects of a vaccine trial in Finland comparing the polysaccharide–diptheria toxoid conjugate and oligosaccharide–CRM197 conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine formulations. Eighty cases of childhood leukaemia were detected: 35 among children on the polysaccharide–diptheria toxoid conjugate arm, and 45 among children on the oligosaccharide–CRM197 conjugate arm, which was not statistically significant

Particle production and equilibrium properties within a new hadron transport approach for heavy-ion collisions

The microscopic description of heavy-ion reactions at low beam energies is achieved within hadronic transport approaches. In this article a new approach SMASH (Simulating Many Accelerated Strongly-interacting Hadrons) is introduced and applied to study the production of non-strange particles in heavy-ion reactions at $E_{\rm kin}=0.4-2A$ GeV. First, the model is described including details about the collision criterion, the initial conditions and the resonance formation and decays. To validate the approach, equilibrium properties such as detailed balance are presented and the results are compared to experimental data for elementary cross sections. Finally results for pion and proton production in C+C and Au+Au collisions is confronted with HADES and FOPI data. Predictions for particle production in $\pi+A$ collisions are made.Comment: 30 pages, 30 figures, replaced with published version; only minor change

Temperature dependence of η/s : Uncertainties from the equation of state

We perform a global model-to-data comparison on Au+Au collisions at sNN−−−−√=200 GeV and Pb+Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV and 5.02 TeV, using a 2+1D hydrodynamics model with the EKRT initial state and a shear viscosity over entropy density ratio (η/s)(T) with a linear T dependence. To quantify the amount of uncertainty due to the choice of the equation of state (EoS), we compare analysis results based on four different EoSs: the well known s95p parametrisation, an updated parametrisation based on the same list of particles in hadron resonance gas, but using recent lattice results for the partonic part of the EoS, and two new parametrisations based on the Particle Data Group 2016 particle list and the recent lattice results. We find that the choice of the EoS does affect the favoured minimum value of η/s, although within the confidence limits of the analysis. On the other hand, our analysis hardly constrains the temperature dependence of η/s, no matter the EoS.Peer reviewe