Reply on Comment by Longinelli (2013) on a revised phosphate-water fractionation equation.

3 pagesInternational audienc

Revised phosphate-water fractionation equation reassessing paleotemperatures derived from biogenic apatite.

8 pagesInternational audienceOxygen isotopes of biogenic apatite have been widely used to reassess anomalous temperatures inferred from oxygen isotope ratios of ancient biogenic calcite, more prone to diagenetic alteration. However, recent studies have highlighted that oxygen isotope ratios of biogenic apatite differ dependent on used analytical techniques. This questions the applicability of the phosphate–water fractionation equations established over 25 years ago using earlier analytical techniques to more recently acquired data. In this work we present a new phosphate–water oxygen isotope fractionation equation based on oxygen isotopes determined on fish raised in aquariums at controlled temperature and with monitored water oxygen isotope composition. The new equation reveals a similar slope, but an offset of about +2‰ to the earlier published equations. This work has major implications for paleoclimatic reconstructions using oxygen isotopes of biogenic apatite since calculated temperatures have been underestimated by about 4 to 8 °C depending on applied techniques and standardization of the analyses

THE INTERACTION BETWEEN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT. DO WE HAVE A COMMON GOAL? / KRAŠTOVAIZDŽIO ARCHITEKTŪROS IR URBANISTIKOS SĄVEIKA – AR TURIME BENDRĄ TIKSLĄ

The article analyses the problem of the relationship and interaction between urban design and landscape architecture. This refers to the period of the modern city from the late nineteenth century to the present day. There are presented and discussed urbanization processes and examples of solutions with emphasis on problems arising from the relationship between a city and nature as well as those related to urban landscape and sustainability of urban landscaping in the twentieth century. Santrauka Straipsnyje analizuojama urbanistikos ir kraštovaizdžio architektūros santykio ir sąveikos problema. Aprėpiamas moderniojo miesto laikotarpis – nuo XIX a. antrosios pusės iki nūdienos. Pateikiama XX a. urbanizacijos procesų ir sprendinių pavyzdžių, aptariama akcentuojant miesto santykio su gamta, želdynais, t. y. gyvo, tvaraus miesto kraštovaizdžio, formavimo problematiką. Raktiniai žodžiai: urbanistika, kraštovaizdžio architektūra, miestovaizdžio formavimas