Anbau von Erbsen, Sommerweizen und -gerste in Reinsaaten und in Gemengen

Two varieties of peas and two species of cereals have been tested sole and inter-cropped during three years with respect to yield and weed competition on a fruitful soil in saxony. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Yield of grain was highest with sole cropped spring wheat and lowest with a variety of pea. Intercropping of peas with wheat or barley did not increase total grain yield signifi-cantly compared to the pure stands of cereals. In mixed crops grain yield of pea seed was low at harvest and weed competition was only slightly enhanced. Nitrogen yield was highest with sole cropped peas

Regeneration von Körnerleguminosen nach physikalischer Schädigung in der Jugendphase

Striegeln zur Unkrautregulierung im Nachauflauf von Körnerleguminosen ist mit dem Risiko von Kulturpflanzenausfällen verbunden. Mit sechs Feldversuchen wurde die Toleranz von Erbsen, Ackerbohnen und Blauen Lupinen auf gravierende physikalische Schädigung im Jugendstadium quantifiziert, um daraus Ableitungen für Striegeleinsätze in frühen Entwicklungsstadien zu treffen

Bodenerosion und Oberflächenabfluss auf einer ökologisch bewirtschafteten Ackerfläche im Sächsischen Lößhügelland

A rainfall simulator was used to describe soil erosion and surface flow on a long-term organically cultivated field. Both parameters did not show differences to conventionally managed and ploughed fields in the same region. These results indicate that soil erosion is fairly independent from the farming system (organic or conventional) but mainly depends on the tillage method

Essays on the Economics of Mitigating Climate Change

This doctoral thesis addresses central aspects of climate change economics including economic damages from climate change, discounting and intergenerational equity as well as sustainability in the light of increasing scarcity of non-market goods. Chapter 2 studies how the optimal global effort to mitigate carbon dioxide depends on conceptions of intergenerational equity by avoiding explicit discounting choices, but instead directly specifying alternative intertemporal distributions of well-being. The advantage of this approach is that it becomes very clear that the social cost of carbon is largely determined by normative conceptions of intergenerational distributive justice. Chapter 3 is concerned with the increasing scarcity of non-market goods due to climate change. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the change in the relative price of non-market goods in terms of market goods, its determinants and its impact on climate policy evaluation. For the central calibration neglecting relative price changes would lead to a considerable underestimation of the social cost of carbon of almost 50 percent for the current generation. The changing relative price of non-market goods in terms of market goods is of considerable magnitude compared to established determinants of economic evaluation. Chapter 4 assesses how economic damages from climate change can be mitigated when global warming interacts with other global and local environmental change within a national economy. It describes a developing economy that depends on agriculture and fisheries to study optimal and second-best environmental policy in the face of interacting external effects of ocean acidification, global warming and eutrophication. The last chapter of my dissertation reveals that although climate change is a global phenomenon and only a global solution can tackle it entirely, it can be vital to design national policy instruments that capture regional distinctiveness of environmental change under increasing carbon dioxide levels

The prevalence of head and face pain decreased from 1997 to 2017 in Switzerland

Background: Pain in the head and the face is highly prevalent but may have changed during the past years. This study aimed to analyze changes in the prevalence of pain in the head and the face in Switzerland from 1997 to 2017. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of data collected in the Swiss Health Surveys of 1997–2017. Included persons were 15 years and older. Besides studying demographic data, we analyze the item assessing the presence of “headache, pressure in the head, or facial pain” during the past 4 weeks. Percentages with their Wilson confidence intervals are reported for each response option of categorical variables. Moreover, we calculate the age‐standardized number of persons affected by the pain. Results: While 41% reported head and face pain in 1997, the proportion dropped to 31% in 2017. There was a decrease of 19.5% in women and 29.4% in men; after age standardization, the decrease was 16.5% in women and 25.4% in men. The most considerable numerical changes in the percentages of women with pain occurred in those aged 55–69 and 85 and above. In men, the changes were not limited to specific age groups. Conclusions: The proportion of people reporting headaches, pressure in the head, or facial pain has dropped in Switzerland from 1997 to 2017. However, in women, the prevalence diminished more strongly and consistently in the middle‐aged and the elderly than in the young

Handlungsgrundlage zur Bedarfsanerkennung von Düngemaßnahmen gemäß Anhang I und II der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 2092/91 über den ökologischen Landbau

In den Erzeugervorschriften der Verordnung (EWG) Nr. 2092/91 sind lediglich Rahmenbedingungen festgelegt worden für die Bedarfsanerkennung von Düngungsmaßnahmen auf dem Öko-Betrieb. Als Ergebnis eines längeren Diskussionsprozesses wurde nachfolgende Handlungsgrundlage für Landwirte und Kontrollstellen des Ökologischen Landbaus zur Bedarfsanerkennung von Düngungsmaßnahmen gemäß Anhang I und II der Verordnung erstellt. In den Handlungsvorgaben und einem Leitfaden werden die fachlichen Grundlagen aufgeführt, so dass eine Entscheidungsfindung zur Bedarfsanerkennung von Düngungsmaßnahmen erleichtert wird

Praxiserhebungen zu Aufwand und Erfolg der Handjäte in Möhren unter ökologischer Bewirtschaftung

Der Beitrag beschreibt Erhebungen zum Aufwand und Erfolg der mechanischen Beikrautregulierung im ökologischen Möhrenanbau, die über 3 Jahre auf 6 Praxisflächen in Sachsen und Niedersachsen zum Zweck des Vergleichs zu einem in der Entwicklung befindlichen Robotersystem (Projekt „RemoteFarming.1“) erhoben wurden. Die zeit- und kostenintensiven Beikrautregulierungsmaßnahmen die z.T. von Hand durchgeführt werden müssen, werden wegen des großen Einflusses des Beikrautbesatzes auf den Ertrag (Minderung bis zu 80%) in Kauf genommen. Die Anzahl Beikräuter schwankte sehr stark zwischen 7 bis 256 Pflanzen je Meter Möhrenreihe und es trat eine sehr große Varianz von 80-430 Jätestunden pro ha und Jahr auf. Zudem war der Regulierungserfolg stark von den einzelnen Personen abhängig. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen ein großes Potential in der Effizienz- und Qualitatssteigerung im ökologischen Möhenanbau, zu dem ein robotergestütztes System einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten könnte

Taxing interacting externalities of ocean acidification, global warming, and eutrophication

We model a stylized economy dependent on agriculture and fisheries to study optimal environmental policy in the face of interacting external effects of ocean acidification, global warming, and eutrophication. This allows us to capture some of the latest insights from research on ocean acidification. Using a static two-sector general equilibrium model we derive optimal rules for national taxes on (Formula presented.) emissions and agricultural run-off and show how they depend on both isolated and interacting damage effects. In addition, we derive a second-best rule for a tax on agricultural run-off of fertilizers for the realistic case that effective internalization of (Formula presented.) externalities is lacking. The results contribute to a better understanding of the social costs of ocean acidification in coastal economies when there is interaction with other environmental stressors. Recommendations for Resource Managers: Marginal environmental damages from (Formula presented.) emissions should be internalized by a tax on (Formula presented.) emissions that is high enough to not only reflect marginal damages from temperature increases, but also marginal damages from ocean acidification and the interaction of both with regional sources of acidification like nutrient run-off from agriculture. In the absence of serious national policies that fully internalize externalities, a sufficiently high tax on regional nutrient run-off of fertilizers used in agricultural production can limit not only marginal environmental damages from nutrient run-off but also account for unregulated carbon emissions. Putting such regional policies in place that consider multiple important drivers of environmental change will be of particular importance for developing coastal economies that are likely to suffer the most from ocean acidification. © 2021 The Authors. Natural Resource Modeling published by Wiley Periodicals LLC

Olfactory dysfunction after autoimmune encephalitis depending on the antibody type and limbic MRI pathologies

Objective: Patients’ olfactory function after autoimmune encephalitis (AE) involving limbic structures may be impaired. This study aimed to characterize olfactory function in patients after autoimmune encephalitides. Methods: A case–control study was performed including 11 AE patients with antibodies against NMDAR (n = 4), GAD (n = 3), VGKC (n = 3) and antibody-negative AE (n = 1) and a control group of 12 patients with pneumococcal meningo-encephalitis (PC). In subgroup analyses, AE patients with and without NMDAR-antibodies were compared. Olfactory function was assessed using the Sniffin Sticks test and the resulting TDI-score (threshold, discrimination, identification). Involvement of limbic structures was evaluated on imaging data (MRI). Statistical analyses were performed to test for correlations of TDI-score and MRI results. Results: The overall olfactory function of the AE-group and the PC-group was comparable (mean TDI 32.0 [CI 27.3–36.7], 32.3 [CI 28.5–36.0)]. The proportions of hyposmic patients were similar compared to the general population. However, AE patients of the non-NMDAR group had significantly lower TDI-scores (28.9 ± 6,8) than NMDAR patients (37.4 ± 3.5) (p = 0.046) and a significantly lower discrimination capability than the NMDAR patients (9.9 ± 2.0 vs. 14.5 ± 0.6) (p = 0.002). The non-NMDAR patients had significantly more limbic MRI pathologies (6/7) compared to the NMDAR patients (0/4) (p = 0.015). Furthermore, a correlation between limbic MRI pathologies and worse capability of smelling discrimination was found (p = 0.016, r = −0.704, n = 11). Conclusion: Our results indicate that patients with NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis have normal long term olfactory function. However, patients with non-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis appear to have a persistently impaired olfactory function, probably mediated by encephalitic damage to limbic structures

Ocean warming and acidification may drag down the commercial Arctic cod fishery by 2100

The Arctic Ocean is an early warning system for indicators and effects of climate change. We use a novel combination of experimental and time-series data on effects of ocean warming and acidification on the commercially important Northeast Arctic cod (Gadus morhua) to incorporate these physiological processes into the recruitment model of the fish population. By running an ecological-economic optimization model, we investigate how the interaction of ocean warming, acidification and fishing pressure affects the sustainability of the fishery in terms of ecological, economic, social and consumer-related indicators, ranging from present day conditions up to future climate change scenarios. We find that near-term climate change will benefit the fishery, but under likely future warming and acidification this large fishery is at risk of collapse by the end of the century, even with the best adaptation effort in terms of reduced fishing pressure.publishedVersio