85 research outputs found

    Africa where are you?

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    Die Schweiz in der neuen WTO-Agrarverhandlung

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    1. Ausgangspunkt : das Agrardossier in Seattle 1.1 „Behind the smokescreen” : was geschah wirklich in Seattle? Seattle, Dritte WTO-Ministerkonferenz, 30. November bis 4. Dezember 1999 : Bilder von wĂŒtenden und von zusammengeschlagenen Demonstranten tauchen auf. Der Einstand der internationalen Antiglobalisierung. Auch an das Nichtzustandekommen einer MinistererklĂ€rung erinnert man sich – ein Novum in der internationalen Handelsdiplomatie. Und eine neue Handelsrunde konnte schon gar nicht eing..

    Seals and the Need for more Deference to Vienna by WTO Adjudicators

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    This paper asks how World Trade Organization (WTO) panels and the Appellate Body (AB) take public international law (PIL) into account when interpreting WTO rules as a part of international economic law (IEL). Splendid isolation of the latter is not new; indeed it is intended by the negotiators of the Understanding on the Settlement of Disputes (DSU). At the same time, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) is quite clear when it provides the general rules and the supplementary means of treaty interpretation. Despite such mandatory guidance, WTO adjudicators (when given a choice and assuming they see the conflict) prefer deference to WTO law over deference to Vienna and take a dogmatic way out of interpretation quandaries. The AB and panels make abundant reference to Vienna, though less so to substantive PIL. Often times, however, they do so simply in order to buttress their findings of violations of WTO rules. Perhaps tellingly, however, none of the reports in EC – Seals contains even a single mention of VCLT, despite numerous references to international standards addressing indigenous rights and animal welfare. In the longer term, and absent a breakthrough on the negotiation front, this pattern of carefully eschewing international treaty law and using PIL just for the sake of convenience could have serious consequences for the credibility and acceptance of the multilateral trading system. Following the adage ‘negotiate or litigate’ recourse to WTO dispute settlement increases when governments are less ready to make treaty commitments commensurate with the challenges of globalisation. This is true even for ‘societal choice’ cases on the margins of classic trade disputes. We will argue here that it is precisely for cases such as these that VCLT and PIL should be used more systematically by panels and the AB. Failing that, instead of building bridges for more coherent international regulation, WTO adjudicators could burn those same bridges which the DSU interpretation margin leaves open for accomplishing their job which is to find a ‘positive solution’. Worse, judicial incoherence could return to WTO dispute settlement like a boomerang and damage the credibility and thus the level of acceptance of the multilateral trading system per se

    La Suisse dans les nouvelles nĂ©gociations agricoles de l’OMC

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    1. Point de dĂ©part : le dossier agricole à Seattle 1.1. DerriĂšre l’écran de fumĂ©e : que s’est-il vraiment passĂ© à Seattle ? Seattle, 3e ConfĂ©rence ministĂ©rielle de l’OMC, du 30 novembre au 4 dĂ©cembre 1999 : des images de manifestants dĂ©chaĂźnĂ©s et rouĂ©s de coups, l’entrĂ©e en scĂšne du mouvement international antimondialisation. On se souviendra aussi de l’absence de dĂ©claration officielle – phĂ©nomĂšne sans prĂ©cĂ©dent dans la diplomatie du commerce international. Et l’on n’a mĂȘme pas Ă©tĂ© capable, ..

    Die Schweiz in der neuen WTO-Agrarverhandlung

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    1. Ausgangspunkt : das Agrardossier in Seattle 1.1 „Behind the smokescreen” : was geschah wirklich in Seattle? Seattle, Dritte WTO-Ministerkonferenz, 30. November bis 4. Dezember 1999 : Bilder von wĂŒtenden und von zusammengeschlagenen Demonstranten tauchen auf. Der Einstand der internationalen Antiglobalisierung. Auch an das Nichtzustandekommen einer MinistererklĂ€rung erinnert man sich – ein Novum in der internationalen Handelsdiplomatie. Und eine neue Handelsrunde konnte schon gar nicht eing..

    BERNHIST: Eine raum-zeitliche Datenbank fĂŒr den Schweizer Kanton Bern im Internet

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    Eine raum-zeitliche Datenbank wurde fĂŒr den Schweizer Kanton Bern hergestellt. Sie enthĂ€lt statistische Daten von 1700 bis 1990. Insgesamt sind in BERNHIST zur Zeit rund zwei Millionen einzelne Zahlen aus den Bereichen Bevölkerung, Landwirtschaft, Gewerbe/Industrie, Umwelt, Sozialstruktur und Politik auf drei rĂ€umlich-zeitlichen Ebenen (Gemeinde, Bezirke, Gesamtkantone) gespeichert. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird zunĂ€chst der Werdegang dieser Datenbank nachgezeichnet. Im Anschluß daran werden Datenbankmodellierung sowie die Zugriffsmöglichkeiten vorgestellt. Im einzelnen geht es dabei um (1) Das Drei-Achsen-Modell; (2) die Zugriffskataloge; (3) Raum- und Themenkatalogisierung wie Raum- und Themenstandardisierung. Das Erstellen von Kartogrammen mit dem Programm Map Viewer ist Thema des folgenden Abschnitts. Abschließend werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des BERNHIST-Konzepts fĂŒr die landesgeschichtliche Forschung diskutiert. (psz

    Rebirth of X-ray Emission from the Born-Again Planetary Nebula A 30

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    The planetary nebula (PN) A30 is believed to have undergone a very late thermal pulse resulting in the ejection of knots of hydrogen-poor material. Using HST images we have detected the angular expansion of these knots and derived an age of 850+280-150 yr. To investigate the spectral and spatial properties of the soft X-ray emission detected by ROSAT, we have obtained Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of A30. The X-ray emission from A30 can be separated into two components: a point-source at the central star and diffuse emission associated with the hydrogen-poor knots and the cloverleaf structure inside the nebular shell. To help us assess the role of the current stellar wind in powering this X-ray emission, we have determined the stellar parameters of the central star of A 30 using a non-LTE model fit to its optical and UV spectrum. The spatial distribution and spectral properties of the diffuse X-ray emission is suggestive that it is generated by the post-born-again and present fast stellar winds interacting with the hydrogen-poor ejecta of the born-again event. This emission can be attributed to shock-heated plasma, as the hydrogen-poor knots are ablated by the stellar winds, under which circumstances the efficient mass-loading of the present fast stellar wind raises its density and damps its velocity to produce the observed diffuse soft X-rays. Charge transfer reactions between the ions of the stellar winds and material of the born-again ejecta has also been considered as a possible mechanism for the production of diffuse X-ray emission, and upper limits on the expected X-ray production by this mechanism have been derived. The origin of the X-ray emission from the central star of A 30 is puzzling: shocks in the present fast stellar wind and photospheric emission can be ruled out, while the development of a new, compact hot bubble confining the fast stellar wind seems implausible.Comment: 29 pages, 11 figures, 4 tables; accepted for publication by Ap

    Wege in die ErnĂ€hrungszukunft der Schweiz - Leitfaden zu den grössten Hebeln und politischen Pfaden fĂŒr ein nachhaltiges ErnĂ€hrungssystem

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    Aus wissenschaftlicher Sicht ist klar: Unser ErnĂ€hrungssystem ist nicht nachhaltig. Um unsere Lebens- und Wirtschaftsgrundlagen zu erhalten, braucht es eine Neuausrichtung ĂŒber die gesamte Wertschöpfungskette. Diese ist gleichzeitig ein SchlĂŒssel zur Erreichung der Agenda 2030 fĂŒr nachhaltige Entwicklung. SDSN Schweiz hat das wissenschaftliche Gremium ErnĂ€hrungszukunft Schweiz initiiert, um einen Wegweiser zu entwickeln. Er soll es der Schweiz erlauben, Chancen rechtzeitig anzupacken und unkontrollierbare Kostenfolgen zu vermeiden. Das wissenschaftliche Gremium hat international wegweisende Pionierarbeit geleistet. In einem interdisziplinĂ€ren wissenschaftlichen Prozess wurde zum ersten Mal fĂŒr ein Land ein umfassender Handlungspfad zur Neuausrichtung des ErnĂ€hrungssystems im Einklang mit den Zielen fĂŒr nachhaltige Entwicklung ausgearbeitet. Die beteiligten Forschenden schaffen damit eine wichtige Grundlage fĂŒr die weitere politische Diskussion in der Schweiz und international

    Can Panels Save WTO?

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    WTO is facing an unprecedented crisis. Multilateralism and international cooperation have crashed, not only because of a virus. Can WTO panelists don the strait jackets designed by the ‘automatic’ dispute settlement system of a non-supranational trade organisation, in order to find a ‘positive solution’ but without rulemaking? This paper argues that in cases in which trade rules play a lesser role, WTO can rule against globally coherent solutions. The present WTO impasse offers a surprising avenue for panelists and arbitrators, to apply peremptory international non-trade law and customary law principles (ius cogens). This window is open right now – thanks to the automatic adoption of adjudicator findings, such as, what is known as a non-violation of WTO rules. Emerging case law and the work of forward-looking academics show how to address measures with deleterious social and eco-dumping effects, unacceptable to the body politic at large. Complaints against trade-distorting human and labour rights violations, and perhaps even against measures causing excessive global warming, could lead future adjudicators to answer the repeated call of the presently defunct Appellate Body for a ‘holistic’ reading of WTO rules, across the fragmented international legal framework. WTO’s reputation would regain lost ground where it matters, namely in constituencies looking for better international governance and a level-playing field
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