Dynamics of Poultry Production System, Constraints, Opportunities and Marketing in Ethiopia

The objectives this paper focuses on thedynamic ofpoultry production system constraints, opportunities and marketing system in the Ethiopia in the form of summary from past, recent and/or current studies. Currently, Ethiopia poultry production systems are classified into industrial and integrated/medium- and large-scale intensive systems and family poultry production systems (i.e. the small-scale intensive is characterized specialized, commercial day-old chicks (DOCs) or pullets (200–1 000 broilers, 100–500 layers), commercial balanced rations and good quality houses. semi-intensive is characterized by flocks ranging from 50 to 200 birds, using commercial, crossbred or indigenous breeds reared under scavenging management conditions with regular supplementation., extensive scavenging is characterized ranging from 5 to 50 birds comprised of indigenous and/or crossbred chickens and it is practiced by households having access to rural markets and small-extensive scavenging systemsit is based on a flock size of 1–5 indigenous chickens kept under scavenging conditions.The national average flock size of chicks, cockerels, pullet, hen, cocks, and total chicken per households were 5.3, 1.3, 1.7, 4, 1.5 and 11.1, respectively in Ethiopia. All scavenging chicken producer practice supplementary feeding (100%) from all type of feed, supplemented maize account (63%). It needs incorporate protein source feed at dry season. Keywords: Production system, Ethiopia, chicken, productivity DOI: 10.7176/JMCR/77-01 Publication date:March 31st 202

Oromo Oral Pun (Miliqqee): Confusion with Oromo Idiom (Jechama) focusing on Yadate's Miliqqee part of 'Qorii Qorsaa', western Oromia, Ethiopia

Puns are language arts that globally got broad attention, but in Oromo language, the researcher has found some mere collections of puns in confusion with idiom. The purpose of this study was to identify the general problems, confusion between Oromo pun and Oromo idiom, and to investigate factors for Yadate's confusion based on miliqqee part of Yadate's "Qorii Qorsaa". The nature of the study was of a qualitative and quantitative type and the data were analysed by describing the existing qualities of the puns on theoretical basis. The tools used were content analysis, questionnaire and interview. The result shows that idiomatic meanings have been used as puns, was confusion of puns with idioms. As to the analysis, the confusion occurred mainly due to lack of awareness on the nature of puns and idiom and to some extent by fixedness and using concept from cross-cultural communication. Some of the recommendations for solution are: encouraging researches and availing publications on miliqqee, and including them in Oromo language curricula beginning from lower grades. Keywords: Confusion Concealing Items Oromo Oral Pun Literal Meaning Idiomatic Meanin

Multimorbidity and predictors of mortality among patients with cardiovascular disorders admitted to an intensive care unit: a retrospective study

AbstractBackground: Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is reported to be increasing in Ethiopia. Multimorbidity of these risk factors is more likely to lead cardiovascular disease (CVD) with increased hospital admission, premature death, and poor quality of life and increase health care expenditure. There is little evidence regarding magnitude and outcome of CVD multimorbidity, particularly in the African setting. The aim of this study was to examine the magnitude of multimorbidity and predictors of mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: A five-year retrospective study was conducted from 01 November 2015 to 01 January 2016. A total of 362 patients with cardiovascular disease who were admitted to the Medical Intensive Care Unit participated in the study. The primary endpoint was death from any cause in the Medical Intensive Care Unit while the secondary was a cardiovascular composite. For baseline characteristics and survival analysis we classified patients according to their level of multimorbidity. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the prognostic effect of the level of risk factors or multimorbidity at admission while controlling for confounding variables.Results: A total of 71 (19.6%) patients had a diagnosis of multimorbidity. The most common cases of cardiovascular admission were heart failure, 137 (37.8%), acute myocardial infarction, 83 (22.9%), hemorrhagic stroke, 95 (26.2%) and ischemic stroke, 24 (6.6%).There were 162 (45%) deaths. Myocardial infarction (COR 0.3; 0.18-0.53), hemorrhagic stroke (COR 3.3; 2.0-5.5) and age groups 55-64 years (COR 2.7; 1.2-6.1) and 65-74 years (COR 2.6; 1.1-6.1) were significantly associated with mortality.Conclusions: There is a significant proportion of multimorbidity in our study population. Multimorbidity may be used as a criterion to prioritize and improve the management of patients. Measures to prevent cardiovascular disease in people who already have hypertension, diabetes or underlying causes of heart failure in primary care settings need to be emphasized. At higher levels of care, capacity building is key to addressing the management of patients who present with acute cardiovascular diseases.  [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2018;32(4):218-224]Keywords: Cardiovascular disease, multimorbidity, mortality, intensive car

Medical Admissions and Outcomes at Saint Paul’s Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a retrospective study

Background: Globally, trends of medical admission have been changing. This study was carried out to assess the current trend of medical admissions and outcomes in Ethiopia.Methods: Retrospective review of 840 records of patients admitted to medical ward of Saint Paul hospital during April 1, 2012-March 31, 2013 was done. Ethical approval was obtained from the IRB of the hospital. Data on demographic profiles, reasons for admission, final diagnosis, length of hospital stay and treatment outcomes were recorded by physicians on structured format developed for this purpose. The data were entered & analysed using SPSS software version 20.Results: Most of the patients were from Addis Ababa. The mean age of patients was 40.9±17.7 years, 470 (56%) of the patients were females and 71% were married. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributed to 51.1% of admissions. Communicable diseases were dominant diagnosis for those groups in 35-44 years of age while noncommunicable diseases were dominant diagnosis for those 45-54 years of age and above. The three most common reasons for immediate admission to the hospital were pneumonia 188 (22.4%), tuberculosis 177 (21.1%) and heart failure 134 (16.0%). And the major diagnoses for underlying illnesses during admissions were found to be AIDS 177 (21.1%), hypertension 102 (12.1%), diabetes mellitus 102 (12.1%), atherosclerotic cardio vascular disorders 86 (10.2%), gastrointestinal disorders 56 (6.7%), valvular heart diseases 51 (6.1%), and renal failure 46 (5.5%). Mean duration of stay in medical wards was 12.3 (+/-10) days and it is comparable for communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases. Two third of the medical admissions (66.4%) were discharged improved while mortality was close to one fourth (24.2%). Communicable diseases contributed to two thirds of the mortality (15.6%).Conclusion: Non-communicable diseases were the major cause of admission to the hospital while communicable diseases contributed to two thirds of the overall mortality predominantly among the younger patients. Health professionals, policy-makers and health planners should recognize the higher morbidity and hospital burden from non-communicable diseases and the higher mortality from communicable diseases. Key words: Medical admission, communicable and non-communicable, morbidity, mortality, Ethiopi

Effects of Partially Replacing the Commercial Soybean Meal, With A Soaked and Boiled Raw Full-Fat Soybean in Broiler Diets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of partially replacing the commercial soybean meal (SBM) with a home-treated, locally produced raw-full fat soybean (RFFSB) in the diets of broilers. A 3×2×2+1 factorial arrangement was used to conduct this feeding trial. A test ingredient (RFFSB) was differently soaked (0, 6 or 12 hrs), drained, boiled (25 or 35 min) and sundried. Following this, it was hammered to pass through a 0.2-mm sieve, then 12 experimental diets were formulated, replacing the SBM by such a home-treated-RFFSB at 50 or 75%. The control diet didn’t contain any RFFSBN. Totally 13 experimental diets were prepared and every treatment was replicated 3 times and 10 chicks per replicate. The results revealed that replacing the commercial SBM by a treated RFFSB had no significant interaction effects on any measured parameter. However, soaking and then boiling it (RFFSB) had significant (P 0.05) effect on both carcass yield and cut-products. Neither increasing a boiling time nor a replacement rate had (P0.05) effect on organ developments. However, increasing the soaking-duration significantly (P<0.05) reduced the organ developments. Therefore, it is concluded that commercial SBM can be replaced by a non-soaked, but boiled raw soybean in diets of broilers

The Change of Metal Removal Rate and Surface Finish on Vibration Machining.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of metal removal rate and surface finish on vibration machining in different period of vibration machining on the same materials. This study was conducted in Don State Technical University (DSTU) in Russia. Below tabulated results show that metal removal rate decreaseseven if we are increasing operational time after the 1st work and surface finish continuously improving on vibration machining

Cleaning Car Propeller Shaft from Operational and Industrial Dirt by Vibration Wave Machining

The experimental studies presents the results of vibration wave surface cleaning of parts and propeller shaft (PS) on the car performance and industrial dirt pollution in terms of repair and recycling, including when performing car balancing. Proposed equipment modernization of working chamber optimum implementation conditions of process flow sheet

Determinants of delay in timely treatment seeking for diarrheal diseases among mothers with under-five children in central Ethiopia: a case control study

BACKGROUND: Delays in seeking timely appropriate care contributes to a large number of deaths from diarrhea in children. This study aimed to identify determinants of delays in seeking timely treatment by mothers/caregivers of under-five children with diarrheal diseases. METHODS: We used an unmatched case-control study from February-March 2017 among 316 children: 158 cases and 158 controls. Cases were mothers/caregivers with under-five children who had signs/symptoms of diarrhea and sought treatment after 24 hours onset of symptom. Controls sought treatment within 24 hours. Field workers collected data using a pre-tested standardized questionnaire. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to identify determinants of delay in timely diarrhea treatment seeking. Statistical significance was declared by using a p-value&lt;0.05 and 95% of confidence interval (CI) for an adjusted-odds ratio (AOR). RESULTS: The determinants of delay in timely treatment seeking of mothers/caregivers of under-five children with diarrheal diseases were children &lt;24months (AOR = 1.9,95%CI:1.1-3.4); fail to attend school (AOR = 2.4, 95%CI:1.2-4.6); being female children (AOR = 1.7,95%CI:1.05-2.9); preferring government health facility for the treatment of children with diarrheal diseases (AOR = 2.9, 95%CI, 1.3-6.7); lack of past history taking children to health facility and lack of counseling (AOR = 4.8, 95%CI:2.0-12.1); being in the15-25 years age (AOR = 1.7, 95%CI:1.1-3.0) and taking children to a health facility as a first response to diarrhea (AOR = 0.1, 95%CI:0.01-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Age of the child, maternal age, and disease related determinants were determinants for seeking timely treatment to diarrheal diseases. Providing skilled based health education and counseling to mothers/caregivers on seeking timely treatment and taking children with diarrheal diseases to a health facility as a first response to diarrhea is a paramount intervention to reduce morbidity and mortality of children