17 research outputs found

    Custo-efetividade dos análogos de nucleosídeos/nucleotídeos para hepatite crônica B

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    OBJETIVO: Conduzir uma análise de custo-efetividade das alternativas medicamentosas com terapia de resgate na recaída por resistência viral para tratamento de pacientes com hepatite crônica B (HCB). MÉTODOS: Coorte hipotética de pacientes com HCB, HBeAg negativo, sem evidência clínica ou histológica de cirrose, DNA do VHB detectável, diagnóstico histológico da doença, HBsAg positivo no soro por mais de seis meses, elevados níveis de alanina transferase (ALT) (duas vezes maior que o limite superior da normalidade [LSN]) e média de idade de 40 anos. Modelo de Markov foi desenvolvido para a hepatite crônica B (antígeno HBeAg negativo) com horizonte temporal de 40 anos. Custos e benefícios foram descontados em 5%. As taxas anuais de progressão, custos devido a complicações e a eficácia dos medicamentos foram obtidos da literatura. As incertezas foram avaliadas por análises de sensibilidade unidirecional e probabilística. RESULTADOS: Iniciar o tratamento com entecavir resultou em 0,35 ano de vida ganho em relação à lamivudina. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental foi de R$ 16.416,08 por anos de vida ganhos. Na análise de sensibilidade a razão de custo-efetividade incremental foi mais sensível à variação na probabilidade de transição de hepatite crônica B para cirrose compensada, taxa de desconto e preço dos medicamentos (± 10%). Na análise de sensibilidade probabilística, a curva de aceitabilidade mostrou que iniciar com entecavir foi a alternativa mais custo-efetiva na comparação ao uso de lamivudina. CONCLUSÕES: A disponibilidade do entecavir é economicamente atrativa como parte do tratamento precoce para pacientes com hepatite crônica B sem coinfecção com o HIV

    Custo-efetividade dos análogos de nucleosídeos/nucleotídeos para hepatite crônica B

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    OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of drug alternatives with rescue therapy in case of relapse due to viral resistance for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: Hypothetical cohort of patients with CHB, HBeAg-negative, without clinical or histological evidence of cirrhosis, detectable HBV DNA, histological diagnosis of the disease, positive serum HBsAg for longer than six months, high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (twice as high as the upper limit of normality) and mean age of 40 years. A Markov model was developed for chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg- negative) with a 40-year time horizon. Costs and benefits were discounted at 5%. Annual rates of disease progression, costs due to complications and the efficacy of medicines were obtained from the literature. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis evaluated uncertainties. RESULTS: Initiation of treatments with entecavir resulted in an increase of 0.35 discounted life-years gained compared to lamivudine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was R16,416.08perlifeyearsgained.Inthesensitivityanalysis,theincrementalcosteffectivenessratiowasmoresensitivetovariationintheprobabilityoftransitionfromchronichepatitisBtocompensatedcirrhosis,discountrateandmedicineprices(±1016,416.08 per life-years gained. In the sensitivity analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was more sensitive to variation in the probability of transition from chronic hepatitis B to compensated cirrhosis, discount rate and medicine prices (± 10%). In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the acceptability curve showed that beginning treatment with entecavir was the most cost-effective alternative in comparison with the use of lamivudine. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of entecavir is economically attractive as part of early treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B without HIV co-infection.OBJETIVO: Analizar la tasa costo/efectividad de las alternativas medicamentosas con terapia de rescate en la recaída por resistencia viral en el tratamiento de pacientes con hepatitis crónica B (HCB). MÉTODOS: Cohorte hipotética de pacientes con HCB HBeAg negativo, sin evidencia clínica o histológica de cirrosis, DNA del VHB detectable, diagnóstico histológico de la enfermedad, HBsAg positivo en el suero por más de seis meses, elevados niveles de alanina transferasa (ALT) (dos veces mayor que el límite superior de la normalidad [LSN] y promedio de edad de 40 años. Se desarrolló el Modelo de Markov para la hepatitis crónica B (antígeno HBeAg negativo) con horizonte temporal de 40 años. Costos y beneficios se descontaron en 5%. Las tasas anuales de progresión, costos debido a complicaciones y la eficacia de los medicamentos se obtuvieron de la literatura. Las incertezas se evaluaron por análisis de sensibilidad unidireccional y probabilística. RESULTADOS: Iniciar el tratamiento con entecavir resultó en ganancia de 0,35 año/vida con relación a la lamivudina. El cociente de costo-efectividad incremental fue de R 16.416,08 por años de vida ganados. En el análisis de sensibilidad el cociente de costo-efectividad incremental fue más sensible a la variación en la probabilidad de transición de hepatitis crónica B para cirrosis compensada, tasa de descuento y precio de los medicamentos (±10%). En el análisis de sensibilidad probabilística, la curva de aceptación mostró que iniciar con entecavir fue la alternativa más costo-efectiva en comparación al uso de lamivudina. CONCLUSIONES: La disponibilidad del entecavir es económicamente atractiva como parte del tratamiento precoz para pacientes con hepatitis crónica B sin co-infección con el VIH.OBJETIVO: Conduzir uma análise de custo-efetividade das alternativas medicamentosas com terapia de resgate na recaída por resistência viral para tratamento de pacientes com hepatite crônica B (HCB). MÉTODOS: Coorte hipotética de pacientes com HCB, HBeAg negativo, sem evidência clínica ou histológica de cirrose, DNA do VHB detectável, diagnóstico histológico da doença, HBsAg positivo no soro por mais de seis meses, elevados níveis de alanina transferase (ALT) (duas vezes maior que o limite superior da normalidade [LSN]) e média de idade de 40 anos. Modelo de Markov foi desenvolvido para a hepatite crônica B (antígeno HBeAg negativo) com horizonte temporal de 40 anos. Custos e benefícios foram descontados em 5%. As taxas anuais de progressão, custos devido a complicações e a eficácia dos medicamentos foram obtidos da literatura. As incertezas foram avaliadas por análises de sensibilidade unidirecional e probabilística. RESULTADOS: Iniciar o tratamento com entecavir resultou em 0,35 ano de vida ganho em relação à lamivudina. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental foi de R$ 16.416,08 por anos de vida ganhos. Na análise de sensibilidade a razão de custo-efetividade incremental foi mais sensível à variação na probabilidade de transição de hepatite crônica B para cirrose compensada, taxa de desconto e preço dos medicamentos (± 10%). Na análise de sensibilidade probabilística, a curva de aceitabilidade mostrou que iniciar com entecavir foi a alternativa mais custo-efetiva na comparação ao uso de lamivudina. CONCLUSÕES: A disponibilidade do entecavir é economicamente atrativa como parte do tratamento precoce para pacientes com hepatite crônica B sem coinfecção com o HIV

    Brazilian coffee genome project: an EST-based genomic resource

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    Avaliação econômica de Vildagliptina para o tratamento de pessoas vivendo com Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2: perspectiva do Sistema Público de Saúde Brasileiro

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    Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-14T13:28:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_gustavo_final_20170522.pdf: 3932476 bytes, checksum: 143a95a1e0b94b496a5552478dd223fd (MD5) Previous issue date: 31No Brasil, saúde é entendida como um direito de cidadania. Para garanti-la, o país fez adoção por um sistema universal o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Por meio deste, devem ser executadas ações de assistência terapêutica integral, incluindo a assistência farmacêutica. Uma das etapas da assistência farmacêutica é a seleção dos medicamentos. Para subsidiar a escolha, tem ganhado importância o conjunto de conceitos e métodos denominado Avaliação de Tecnologias em Saúde. Essa abordagem utiliza as evidências científicas e econômicas para subsidiar as decisões em saúde. No Brasil, cerca de 6% de todos os óbitos são atribuídos ao diabetes mellitus, sendo que 41% deles ocorrem antes dos setenta anos de idade. Dentre as pessoas vivendo com a doença, o diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) é o tipo diagnosticado em 85% a 95% delas. No Brasil, os medicamentos considerados essenciais pelo SUS para pessoas vivendo com DMT2 são metformina, glibenclamida, gliclazida, insulina regular e insulina NPH. Pacientes com prescrição médica de medicamentos diferentes desses têm acionado o SUS judicialmente para sua obtenção. Em Minas Gerais, vildagliptina foi o hipoglicemiante oral mais adquirido para o atendimento de demandas judiciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi definir a razão custo-efetividade de vildagliptina para o tratamento de pessoas vivendo com DMT2. Estudo transversal identificou o preço médio registrado para aquisições de hipoglicemiantes orais pelo SUS. Estes preços foram comparados aos subsídios federais no programa de copagamento Aqui Tem Farmácia Popular e aos reembolsos de outros países com sistemas universais de saúde Portugal, Espanha, Canadá e Reino Unido. Por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura, foram obtidos dados de eficácia e efetividade de tratamentos contendo vildagliptina e respectivos comparadores. Modelos de Markov foram utilizados na construção de coortes hipotéticas de pessoas vivendo com DMT2, para o estabelecimento da razão custoefetividade de tratamentos contendo vildagliptina. Análise de sensibilidade probabilística foi realizada para avaliação das incertezas dos modelos, considerando disponibilidade a pagar de até o valor de um PIB per capita. O valor subsidiado pelo governo federal para cada comprimido de medicamento essencial para DMT2 pode chegar a 1023% do valor médio das aquisições do SUS por licitação. Em geral, o preço médio no SUS é inferior ao reembolsado em outros países. Por outro lado, o copagamento com recurso público no Brasil representa valores maiores que nos países estudados. A razão custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) de vildagliptina em monoterapia comparada a metformina isolada foi de aproximadamente R35mil,consideradaacimadadisponibilidadeapagarnoBrasil.Paraacomparac\ca~oentreassociac\co~escommetformina,vildagliptinaapresentouRCEIdecercadeR 35 mil, considerada acima da disponibilidade a pagar no Brasil. Para a comparação entre associações com metformina, vildagliptina apresentou RCEI de cerca de R 8 mil. Avaliando dados de estudos observacionais, a RCEI de esquemas duplos contendo vildagliptina foi de aproximadamente R15mil.ApesardeestasduasRCEIestaremabaixodadisponibilidadeapagarestabelecida,anaˊlisesdesensibilidadeindicaramaltasprobabilidadesdeessesvaloresseremacimadoPIBpercapita.Assim,deacordocomaspremissasdesteestudo,na~oserecomendaainclusa~odetratamentoscontendovildagliptinanalinhadecuidadodoSUSparatratamentodepessoasvivendocomDMT2.InBrazil,healthisacitizensright.Toensureit,BrazilhasadoptedauniversalsystemtheUnifiedHealthSystem(SUS),whichhastoperformintegratedtherapeuticcareactions,includingpharmaceuticalservices.Oneofthestepsinpharmaceuticalservicesistheselectionofmedicines.TosupportachoicebetweentreatmentshasgainedimportancethesetofconceptsandmethodscalledHealthTechnologyAssessment.Thisapproachusesscientificandeconomicevidencetosupportthehealthdecisions.InBrazil,about6 15 mil. Apesar de estas duas RCEI estarem abaixo da disponibilidade a pagar estabelecida, análises de sensibilidade indicaram altas probabilidades de esses valores serem acima do PIB per capita. Assim, de acordo com as premissas deste estudo, não se recomenda a inclusão de tratamentos contendo vildagliptina na linha de cuidado do SUS para tratamento de pessoas vivendo com DMT2.In Brazil, health is a citizens right. To ensure it, Brazil has adopted a universal system - the Unified Health System (SUS), which has to perform integrated therapeutic care actions, including pharmaceutical services. One of the steps in pharmaceutical services is the selection of medicines. To support a choice between treatments has gained importance the set of concepts and methods called Health Technology Assessment. This approach uses scientific and economic evidence to support the health decisions. In Brazil, about 6% of all deaths are attributed to diabetes mellitus and 41% of them occur before the age of seventy. Among people living with this disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the type diagnosed in 85% to 95% of them. In Brazil, the drugs considered essential by SUS for people living with T2DM are metformin, glibenclamide, gliclazide, regular insulin and NPH insulin. Patients with a medical prescription of other drugs go to court to force the SUS to provide them. In Minas Gerais, vildagliptin was the most frequently acquired oral hypoglycemic agent to meet legal demands. The aim of this study is to define the cost-effectiveness of vildagliptin for the treatment of people living with T2DM. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the average price recorded for purchases of oral hypoglycemic agents by SUS. These prices were compared to federal subsidies in the "Aqui Tem Farmácia Popular" co-pay program and to reimbursements from other countries with universal health systems - Portugal, Spain, Canada and the United Kingdom. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to obtain data on the efficacy and effectiveness of vildagliptin-containing treatments and its comparators. Markov models were built to establish the cost-effectiveness of vildagliptin-containing treatments. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the uncertainties of models and a GDP per capita was considered as the willingness to pay threshold. The amount subsidized by the federal government for each essential drug tablet for T2DM may reach 1023% of the average value of the SUS acquisitions. Overall, the average price in the SUS is lower than that reimbursed in other countries. On the other hand, the copayment with public funds in Brazil is higher than other studied countries. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of vildagliptin monotherapy compared to metformin alone was approximately 20,000, considered above the willingness to pay in Brazil. For the comparison between associations with metformin, vildagliptin presented ICER of around 4,700.Evaluatingdatafromobservationalstudies,theICERofdualvildagliptincontainingtreatmentwasapproximately 4,700. Evaluating data from observational studies, the ICER of dual vildagliptin-containing treatment was approximately 8,600. Although these two ICER are below established willingness to pay threshold, sensitivity analyzes have shown that these values are likely to be above a GDP per capita. Thus, according to the conditions of this study, it is not recommended to include vildagliptin- containing treatments in the SUS care line for the treatment of people living with T2DM

    Avaliação econômica de tenofovir para o tratamento da hepatite B crônica sob a perspectiva do sistema público de saúde brasileiro

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    Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T12:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_mestrado_posdefesa_gustavolaine_02022015_final_2.pdf: 1323667 bytes, checksum: 87b90126513c295d76a363d9a93b3741 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2A hepatite B crônica é uma doença de alta prevalência, sendo estimados 350 milhões de casos em todo mundo e um milhão de mortes por ano. Pacientes com hepatite B crônica podem desenvolver doença hepática progressiva, que pode resultar em cirrose e carcinoma hepatocelular. Em outubro de 2009, o Ministério da Saúde divulgou a atualização do Protocolo Clínico e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para o Tratamento da Hepatite Viral Crônica B e Coinfecções, incorporando os medicamentos adefovir dipivoxila, entecavir e tenofovir. Os gastos com financiamento do Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica têm crescido ao longo do tempo. Esta dissertação apresenta uma avaliação econômica de tenofovir comparado a adefovir dipivoxila, entecavir e lamivudina para o tratamento de pacientes adultos com hepatite B crônica sem coinfecção por HIV no Brasil. Para tal, são apresentados dois estudos. O primeiro avalia a eficácia e segurança de tenofovir por meio de revisão sistemática da literatura científica. Os desfechos estudados foram indetecção de DNA do vírus, normalização dos níveis de enzimas hepáticas, melhoras histológicas, soroconversão HBeAg/Anti-HBe, resistência viral, efeitos adversos e óbito. Seis estudos sobre eficácia e segurança de tenofovir para o tratamento de pacientes infectados cronicamente pelo vírus da hepatite B foram incluídos na revisão. Tenofovir demonstrou redução dos níveis de DNA do vírus e não foram observados casos de resistência viral associados a esse medicamento. Todos os estudos incluídos foram financiados pelo laboratório produtor do tenofovir. O segundo estudo corresponde à análise de custo-efetividade entre adefovir dipivoxila, entecavir, lamivudina e tenofovir, sob a perspectiva do SUS, com o objetivo de subsidiar a discussão sobre os medicamentos destinados ao tratamento da hepatite B crônica. O tratamento inicial com entecavir ou tenofovir apresentou melhores resultados clínicos. As menores razões custoefetividade foram de entecavir para pacientes HBeAg-positivo (R4.010,84/AVG)elamivudinaparapacientesHBeAgnegativo(R4.010,84/AVG) e lamivudina para pacientes HBeAg-negativo (R6.205,08/AVG). Para pacientes HBeAgnegativo, a razão custo-efetividade incremental de entecavir (R14.101,05/AVG)estaˊabaixodolimiarrecomendadopelaOrganizac\ca~oMundialdeSauˊde.Anaˊlisedesensibilidadedemonstrouquevariac\ca~onoscustosdosmedicamentospodetornartenofoviralternativacustoefetivatantoparapacientesHBeAgpositivoquandoparaHBeAgnegativo.Apartirdosachadosdosdoisestudos,foipossıˊvelavaliareconomicamenteotratamentodepacientescomhepatiteBcro^nica.Considerandoasevide^nciasclıˊnicasutilizadaseaspremissasdoestudo,entecavirfoiaalternativamaiscustoefetivaparapacientesHBeAgpositivo.Contudo,anaˊlisedesensibilidadedemonstrouqueumavariac\ca~onocustodosmedicamentospodetornartenofoviraalternativamaiscustoefetiva.Otratamentocomentecavirfoicustoefetivo,emrelac\ca~oaˋlamivudina,parapacientesHBeAgnegativo.Aanaˊlisedesensibilidadeevidenciouquetenofovirpodesercustoefetivosehouvervariac\ca~odecustodosmedicamentos.Osachadosdemonstraramqueeˊeconomicamenterecomendadooinvestimentoincrementalparaatingirmelhorefetividadenotratamento.Emconclusa~o,reiteraseousodetenofovirparaotratamentodehepatiteBcro^nicaempacientesadultossemcoinfecc\ca~oporHIV,sobaperspectivadoSUS.ChronichepatitisBisahighprevalencediseasewith350millioncasesestimatedworldwideandonemilliondeathsperyear.ChronichepatitisBpatientscandevelopprogressivehepaticdiseasethatcanresultcirrhosisandhepatocellularcarcinoma.BrazilianMinistryofHealthupdated,inOctober2009,theClinicalProtocolandTherapeuticalGuidelinesforChronicViralHepatitisBandCoinfections,incorporatingthedrugsadefovirdipivoxil,entecavirandtenofovir.ThespendingwithPharmaceuticalServicesSpecializedComponenthasriseninthelastyears.Thisdissertationpresents,intwostudies,aneconomicevaluationoftenofovircomparedtoadefovirdipivoxil,entecavirandlamivudineforthetreatmentofadultschronichepatitisBpatientswithoutHIVcoinfectionsinBrazil.Thefirstoneevaluatestheefficacyandsafetyoftenofovirthroughascientificliteraturesystematicreview.ThestudiedoutcomeswereundetectableviralDNAlevels,hepaticenzymeslevelsnormalization,histologicalimprovement,HBeAg/AntiHBesoroconversion,viralresistance,adverseeffectsanddeath.SixtenofovirefficacyandsafetystudiesforthetreatmentofpatientschronicallyinfectedbyhepatitisBviruswereincluded.TenofovirdemonstratedDNAlevelsreductionandnodrugassociatedviralresistance.Allthestudiesincludedwerefundedbytenofovirmanufacturerlaboratory.Thesecondstudyisacosteffectivenessanalysisofadefovirdipivoxil,entecavir,lamivudineandtenofovir,fromSUSperspective,aimingtosupportthediscussionondrugsforthetreatmentofchronichepatitisB.Theinitialtreatmentwithentecavirortenofovirshowedbetterclinicaloutcomes.ThelowestcosteffectivenessratiowaspresentedbyentecavirinHBeAgpositive(R14.101,05/AVG) está abaixo do limiar recomendado pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Análise de sensibilidade demonstrou que variação nos custos dos medicamentos pode tornar tenofovir alternativa custo-efetiva tanto para pacientes HBeAg-positivo quando para HBeAg-negativo. A partir dos achados dos dois estudos, foi possível avaliar economicamente o tratamento de pacientes com hepatite B crônica. Considerando as evidências clínicas utilizadas e as premissas do estudo, entecavir foi a alternativa mais custo-efetiva para pacientes HBeAg-positivo. Contudo, análise de sensibilidade demonstrou que uma variação no custo dos medicamentos pode tornar tenofovir a alternativa mais custo-efetiva. O tratamento com entecavir foi custo-efetivo, em relação à lamivudina, para pacientes HBeAg-negativo. A análise de sensibilidade evidenciou que tenofovir pode ser custo-efetivo se houver variação de custo dos medicamentos. Os achados demonstraram que é economicamente recomendado o investimento incremental para atingir melhor efetividade no tratamento. Em conclusão, reitera-se o uso de tenofovir para o tratamento de hepatite B crônica em pacientes adultos sem coinfecção por HIV, sob a perspectiva do SUS.Chronic hepatitis B is a high prevalence disease with 350 million cases estimated worldwide and one million deaths per year. Chronic hepatitis B patients can develop progressive hepatic disease that can result cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Brazilian Ministry of Health updated, in October 2009, the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutical Guidelines for Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and Coinfections, incorporating the drugs adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir and tenofovir. The spending with Pharmaceutical Services Specialized Component has risen in the last years. This dissertation presents, in two studies, an economic evaluation of tenofovir compared to adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir and lamivudine for the treatment of adults chronic hepatitis B patients without HIV coinfections in Brazil. The first one evaluates the efficacy and safety of tenofovir through a scientific literature systematic review. The studied outcomes were undetectable viral DNA levels, hepatic enzymes levels normalization, histological improvement, HBeAg/Anti-HBe soroconversion, viral resistance, adverse effects and death. Six tenofovir efficacy and safety studies for the treatment of patients chronically infected by hepatitis B virus were included. Tenofovir demonstrated DNA levels reduction and no drug associated viral resistance. All the studies included were funded by tenofovir manufacturer laboratory. The second study is a cost-effectiveness analysis of adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, lamivudine and tenofovir, from SUS perspective, aiming to support the discussion on drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. The initial treatment with entecavir or tenofovir showed better clinical outcomes. The lowest cost-effectiveness ratio was presented by entecavir in HBeAg-positive (R4,010.84/LY) and lamivudine for HBeAg-negative (R6,205.08/LY).ForHBeAgnegativepatients,theincrementalcosteffectivenessratioofentecavir(R6,205.08/LY). For HBeAg-negative patients, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of entecavir (R14,101.05/LY) is below the threshold recommended by the World Health Organization. Sensitivity analysis showed that the cost variation of the drugs can make tenofovir a cost-effective alternative for both HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative patients. Embased on the two studies, it was possible to perform an economic evaluation of chronic hepatitis B treatment. Considering the clinical evidence and the study assumptions, entecavir was the most cost-effective alternative for HBeAg-positive patients. However, sensitivity analysis showed that tenofovir can be the most cost-effective alternative if the drugs cost are changed. Treatment with entecavir was cost-effective compared to lamivudine for HBeAgnegative, although the sensitivity analysis showed that tenofovir can be cost-effective if the drugs cost are changed. The results showed that the incremental investment is economically recommended to achieve a better effectiveness in treatment. In conclusion, from the SUS perspective, we reiterate the use of tenofovir for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in adult patients without HIV coinfection

    Forecasting models for leprosy cases: a scoping review protocol

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    Introduction Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and the eyes. Mathematical models and statistical methodologies could play an important role in decision-making and help maintain the gains in elimination programmes. Various models for predicting leprosy cases have been reported in the literature, but they have different settings and distinct approaches to predicting the cases. This study describes the protocol for a scoping review to identify and synthesise information from studies using models to forecast leprosy cases.Methods and analysis A scoping review methodology will be applied following the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews and will be reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Extension for Scoping Reviews. We will perform a systematic search from when each database started until April 2022 and we will include the following electronic databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Literature Database. Data will be extracted and recorded on a calibrated predefined data form and will be presented in a tabular form accompanied by a descriptive summary. The Prediction Model Study Risk of Bias Assessment Tool (PROBAST) will be used.Ethics and dissemination No ethical approval is required for this study. This scoping review will identify and map the methodological and other characteristics of modelling studies predicting leprosy cases. We hope that the review will contribute to scientific knowledge in this area and act as a basis for researchers designing and conducting leprosy models. This information can also be used to enhance national surveillance systems and to target specific policies. The protocol and consequent publications of this scoping review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and policy briefs.Systematic review registration This scoping review was registered in the Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/W9375)

    Effectiveness and safety of multidrug therapy containing clofazimine for paucibacillary leprosy and clarithromycin for rifampicin-resistant leprosy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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    Introduction: The present study aimed to evaluate leprosy cure and relapse rates as primary outcomes related to two additional strategies for leprosy treatment: clofazimine for paucibacillary (PB) leprosy patients and clarithromycin for patients with rifampicin-resistant leprosy. Methods: We conducted two systematic reviews (protocols CRD42022308272 and CRD42022308260). We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, Virtual Health Library and Cochrane Library databases, registers of clinical trial databases and gray literature. We included clinical trials evaluating the addition of clofazimine to PB leprosy treatment and the use of clarithromycin for treating patients with rifampicin-resistant leprosy. Risk of bias (RoB) in randomized clinical trials was assessed by the RoB 2 tool and that in non-randomized clinical trials was assessed by the ROBINS-I tool; and the certainty of the evidence was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. A meta-analysis of dichotomous outcomes was performed. Results: For clofazimine, four studies were included. Cure and relapse rates were not dierent with the addition of clofazimine to PB leprosy treatment and demonstrated very low certainty of evidence. For clarithromycin, six studies were included. Considerable heterogeneity resulted from the dierence between comparators, and studies showed no dierence in the assessed outcomes with the addition of clarithromycin to rifampicin-resistant leprosy treatment. Mild adverse events were reported for both drugs but did not significantly impact treatment. Discussion: The eectiveness of both drugs still needs to be determined. Adding clofazimine to PB leprosy treatment may reduce the repercussions of an incorrect operational classification with no apparent relevant side.Faculdade de Medicina (FM

    Clinical Practice Guidelines on leishmaniasis in the worldwide context: a scoping review

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    Leishmaniases are a group of diseases caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania which, comprising more than 20 species known as human pathogens, have the potential to cause a wide spectrum of clinical syndromes. This variability is reflected in the forms of clinical management of these diseases, especially with regard to treatment. In this context, the adoption of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG), initially defined as statements systematically developed to help professionals and patients make decisions about appropriate health care for clinical circumstances, is an important strategy for standardizing conduct. and adoption of best practices. Since the beginning of the 2000s, important CPG on leishmaniasis have been proposed, following the trend of recent decades in relation to the production of these documents. Despite this, studies carried out in several countries reveal that the structure, as well as the quality standard of these documents, is highly variable. Objective: to map the documental structure of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) on leishmaniasis in several countries. Method: scope review protocol according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) method. Search strategies will be structured using terms from controlled vocabulary (DeCs/MeSh) in the indexed literature databases. Additionally, the gray literature will be explored through searches on government websites from different countries, Health Technology Assessment Agencies, Medical Societies and International Organizations. There will be no restrictions regarding the country, language and year of publication in the search, and documents that provide guidance on the diagnosis and/or treatment and/or clinical management of any of the forms of human leishmaniasis will be considered eligible, excluding those that address the leishmaniasis only from the perspective of animal and/or environmental health and also educational or operational documents. The selection and extraction of data will be carried out independently by two researchers and in the absence of consensus, disagreements will be resolved by a third reviewer. The identification, scanning and inclusion process flowchart adapted from the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) - extension for scope reviews (PRISMAScR) will be used to describe the results of the search and selection of studies. Presentation and interpretation of results: a narrative summary will be provided describing the characteristics of the retrieved CPG. Such characteristics will be grouped into three categories: i) General data (country of origin, year of publication and authorship), ii) Document structure (type, subject, topics covered) and iii) Specific content (recommendations about the diagnosis, treatment and management clinical). Tables and/or charts and/or figures, flowchart and will accompany the narrative synthesis

    Custo-efetividade dos análogos de nucleosídeos/nucleotídeos para hepatite crônica B

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    OBJECTIVE: To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of drug alternatives with rescue therapy in case of relapse due to viral resistance for the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: Hypothetical cohort of patients with CHB, HBeAg-negative, without clinical or histological evidence of cirrhosis, detectable HBV DNA, histological diagnosis of the disease, positive serum HBsAg for longer than six months, high levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (twice as high as the upper limit of normality) and mean age of 40 years. A Markov model was developed for chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg- negative) with a 40-year time horizon. Costs and benefits were discounted at 5%. Annual rates of disease progression, costs due to complications and the efficacy of medicines were obtained from the literature. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analysis evaluated uncertainties. RESULTS: Initiation of treatments with entecavir resulted in an increase of 0.35 discounted life-years gained compared to lamivudine. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was R$16,416.08 per life-years gained. In the sensitivity analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was more sensitive to variation in the probability of transition from chronic hepatitis B to compensated cirrhosis, discount rate and medicine prices (± 10%). In the probabilistic sensitivity analysis, the acceptability curve showed that beginning treatment with entecavir was the most cost-effective alternative in comparison with the use of lamivudine. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of entecavir is economically attractive as part of early treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B without HIV co-infection
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