Arithmetic Operations in Multi-Valued Logic

This paper presents arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction and multiplications in Modulo-4 arithmetic, and also addition, multiplication in Galois field, using multi-valued logic (MVL). Quaternary to binary and binary to quaternary converters are designed using down literal circuits. Negation in modular arithmetic is designed with only one gate. Logic design of each operation is achieved by reducing the terms using Karnaugh diagrams, keeping minimum number of gates and depth of net in to consideration. Quaternary multiplier circuit is proposed to achieve required optimization. Simulation result of each operation is shown separately using Hspice.Comment: 12 Pages, VLSICS Journal 201

Disposition of uric acid upon administration of ofloxacin alone and in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs

Disposition of uric acid upon administration of ofloxacin (O) alone and in combination with other anti-tuberculosis drugs, rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H) and pyrazinamide (Z) was studied. Twelve male healthy volunteers were investigated on four different occasions with the four drugs alone or in combinations. A partially balanced incomplete block design was adopted and the subjects were randomly allocated to each group. Uric acid concentration in urine samples excreted over 0-8 hr, were determined after coding the samples. There was significant decrease in the group receiving Z when compared to other groups. Though there was a decrease in uric acid excretion in the group receiving O, it was not statistically significant. Rifampicin and H seem to increase the uric acid excretion. The incidence of arthralgia was mainly due to Z and not due to either O or other drugs in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis

Design and Implementation of Image Compression Encoder using Orthogonal Approximation DCT

Image Compression is usually carried out using discrete cosine transform (DCT) because compressed image using DCT will take less memory to store the image and quality of the image will be good compared JPEG and HEVC. But, in this work an attempt is made to achieve compression using Approximation DCT (ADCT). ADCT is useful for reducing its computational complexity without affecting its coding performance. It provides better image and video compression compared to the DCT. ADCT is orthogonal and it has lower structural complexity compared to DCT. The unique feature of the ADCT is that it could be configured for the computation of the 32 point ADCT or for parallel computation of two16 point ADCTs or four 8 points ADCTs. It has many advantages in terms of orthogonality, structural simplicity and lower computational complexity. The proposed ADCT is implemented using Verilog and Simulated by ModelSim and synthesized by Xilinx ISE 9.1i. Results are compared with 16 point ADCT with 16 point DCT implementation. The target device is XC5vtx330t-2ff1738. The 16 point ADCT implementation results in a saving of 28.37% IOBs and 63% of LUTs, compared to existing 16 point DCT implementation

Ofloxacin pharmacokinetics in saliva

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin using salivary drug concentration when administered alone or in combination with rifampicin (R), isoniazid (H) and pyrazinamide (Z) and also to assess the saliva to plasma concentration ratio. Material and Methods: Twelve healthy male volunteers were investigated on four different occasions with an interval of at least one week between occasions. They were administered ofloxacin, either alone or in combination with R, H and Z. A partially balanced incomplete block design was adopted and the subjects were randomly allocated to each group. Salivary and plasma concentrations of ofloxacin were measured at 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 h after drug(s) administration using validated methods. Results: There were no significant differences between various pharmacokinetic parameters when ofloxacin was administered alone or in combination with R, H and Z. The mean saliva to plasma ratio of ofloxacin concentration was around 0.6. The bioavailability indices of ofloxacin in the saliva and plasma were similar in all the groups. Conclusion: Several pharmacokinetic parameters could be calculated using salivary concentrations of ofloxacin. The determination of ofloxacin levels in saliva may be useful in therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies

Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation on little millet (Panicum sumatrense)

The fermentation of little millet (Panicum sumatrense) carried out by probiotic yeast (Saccharomyces boulardii) and lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus). The germinated little millets grains were fermented for 5 days grains were dried and grounded in a grinder and sieved. The sieved flours were analyzed for proximate composition, minerals and phytic acid content. The results showed that the little millet fermented by combined inoculation of Saccharomyces boulardii and L. acidophilus significantly enhanced protein content (10.95%) and decreases the fat (2.61%) and carbohydrate (82.01%) and single inoculation with L. acidophilus decreased the fibre (1.05%) and ash (2.30%). Single inoculation of L. acidophilus enhanced the minerals content Ca (41.44mg), Mg (141.08 mg), phosphorus (238.43mg), Fe (7.98 mg) and Zn (4.69mg) and over dual inoculation and control treatments. Similarly, Single inoculationof Lactobacillus acidophilus showed significant reduction in phytic acid (114.76 mg) content over dual inoculation (126.49 mg) and control (188.95 mg) treatments. The results indicated that fermentation of little millet by L. acidophilus enhanced mineral contents and reduction in phytic acid content

Deploying Health Monitoring ECU Towards Enhancing the Performance of In-Vehicle Network

Electronic Control Units (ECUs) are the fundamental electronic building blocks of any automotive system. They are multi-purpose, multi-chip and multicore computer systems where more functionality is delivered in software rather than hardware. ECUs are valuable assets for the vehicles as critical time bounded messages are communicated through. Looking into the safety criticality, already developed mission critical systems such as ABS, ESP etc, rely fully on electronic components leading to increasing requirements of more reliable and dependable electronic systems in vehicles. Hence it is inevitable to maintain and monitor the health of an ECU which will enable the ECUs to be followed, assessed and improved throughout their life-cycle starting from their inception into the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a Health monitoring ECU that enables the early trouble shooting and servicing of the vehicle prior to any catastrophic failure.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, FCST 201

Methods for the estimation of pyrazinamide and pyrazinoic acid in body fluids

zinoic acid in urine using an anion-exchange resin (Dowex-1) have been described. Recoveries were quantitative, and the sensitivity was 5 μg/ml for ail 3 estimations. In serum, pyrazinoic acid at a concentration of 50 μg/ml did not interfere with the estimation of pyrazinamide. In urine, pyrazinamide and pyrazinoic acid could be separated from each other and estimated even when the 2 compounds were present together at concentrations of 2000 μg/ml each

Shock stand-off distance visualization in hypersonic shock tunnel using electrical discharge technique

Visualization of the detached shock wave that forms ahead of a blunt body flying at hypersonic Mach number using electrical discharge technique is a simple and convenient technique to measure the stand-off distance experimentally in an hypersonic shock tunnel. In this technique a thin sheet of electrical discharge generated between a point electrode attached to the wall of the test section and a line electrode embedded on the model surface reveals the position of the shock wave around the body in hypersonic flow. In this paper we present the details of this technique and sample results obtained for typical body shapes tested in HST2 shock tunnel at a freestream Mach number of 5.75. The detached shock waves in front of the test models are clearly visualized using this technique. The shock stand-off distance estimated based on the numerical results for a large angle blunt cone obtained using a commercial CFD code match well with the experimentally measured value. These results clearly demonstrate the suitability of the electrical discharge technique for visualizing the flowfields in hypersonic testing facilities having very short test time

Dose related pharmacokinetics of ofloxacin in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of ofloxacin in healthy volunteers after single oral doses of 600 and 800 mg. DESIGN: Seven healthy volunteers were administered 600 and 800 mg of ofloxacin on two occasions with an interval of one week. Paired samples of blood and saliva were collected after 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 32 and 48 hours post-dose. Urine samples were collected over a period of 0–6, 6–12 and 12–24 hours. Concentrations of ofloxacin in plasma, saliva and urine were assayed by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS: Increases of 22% in peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and 40% in area under the concentrationtime curve (AUC0–24) were observed with the 800 mg dose. The other parameters, namely time to attain Cmax, half-life, the apparent volume of distribution, plasma and renal clearance and percentage of dose excreted in urine over 24 hours were independent of doses. The mean ratios of the concentration in saliva to the concentration in plasma ranged from 0.4–0.6, and the correlation coefficient was 0.94. CONCLUSIONS: Dose proportionality was observed in Cmax and AUC0–24 when 600 and 800 mg doses of ofloxacin were given. Ofloxacin determined in saliva seems to be suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring