The Role of Collective Mobilization in the Divergence of the Rural Economies of China and India (1950-1990)

The economic divergence of China and India in the post-1950 era has appeared as one of the most intriguing puzzles of comparative and historical social sciences in recent decades. In 1950, although both countries were very poor, China was much poorer, with a per capita GDP 38% less than that of India. This situation changed completely in the decades following Indian independence (1947) and the Chinese Revolution (1949). China’s economy caught up with India’s in 1978 and greatly surpassed it later on, making its per capita GDP 30% higher than India’s in 1990. The differential performance of their rural economies contributed significantly to this outcome. This study argues that this outcome was closely related to two countries’ differential performance in the development of physical infrastructure and human capital in the countryside. In China, the radical land reform of 1947-52 and the rural collectivization after 1952 eliminated the power of the rural elite, flattened the political economic terrain, and enabled the state to establish the rural collectives. By mobilizing unpaid labor and financial resources of the villagers through the mediation of the rural collectives, the Chinese state developed rural infrastructure, technology, and human capital at a pace and geographical scope that was far beyond its limited fiscal capacity. Rural collectives also enabled the state to tax the increasing agricultural surplus and utilize it for agricultural modernization and rural industrialization. I argue that efforts by the Indian state to establish rural organizations with similar mobilization capabilities failed due to the effective opposition of well-entrenched political and economic interests in the countryside. Unable to mobilize the unpaid labor and financial resources of the rural population, the Indian government relied primarily on its limited fiscal resources, which produced a much slower and geographically narrower development of physical infrastructure and human capital. It also failed to tax the agricultural surplus effectively, which constrained agricultural modernization and rural industrialization. As a result, China’s agriculture and rural economy developed much more rapidly than India’s, which contributed significantly to the divergence of their economies in the post-1950 era

The Role of Collective Mobilization in the Divergence of the Rural Economies of China and India (1950-1990)

The economic divergence of China and India in the post-1950 era has appeared as one of the most intriguing puzzles of comparative and historical social sciences in recent decades. In 1950, although both countries were very poor, China was much poorer, with a per capita GDP 38% less than that of India. This situation changed completely in the decades following Indian independence (1947) and the Chinese Revolution (1949). China’s economy caught up with India’s in 1978 and greatly surpassed it later on, making its per capita GDP 30% higher than India’s in 1990. The differential performance of their rural economies contributed significantly to this outcome. This study argues that this outcome was closely related to two countries’ differential performance in the development of physical infrastructure and human capital in the countryside. In China, the radical land reform of 1947-52 and the rural collectivization after 1952 eliminated the power of the rural elite, flattened the political economic terrain, and enabled the state to establish the rural collectives. By mobilizing unpaid labor and financial resources of the villagers through the mediation of the rural collectives, the Chinese state developed rural infrastructure, technology, and human capital at a pace and geographical scope that was far beyond its limited fiscal capacity. Rural collectives also enabled the state to tax the increasing agricultural surplus and utilize it for agricultural modernization and rural industrialization. I argue that efforts by the Indian state to establish rural organizations with similar mobilization capabilities failed due to the effective opposition of well-entrenched political and economic interests in the countryside. Unable to mobilize the unpaid labor and financial resources of the rural population, the Indian government relied primarily on its limited fiscal resources, which produced a much slower and geographically narrower development of physical infrastructure and human capital. It also failed to tax the agricultural surplus effectively, which constrained agricultural modernization and rural industrialization. As a result, China’s agriculture and rural economy developed much more rapidly than India’s, which contributed significantly to the divergence of their economies in the post-1950 era

On a Problem of Erdos and Graham

An old conjecture of Erdos and Graham states that only finitely many integer squares could be obtained from product of disjoint blocks of consecutive integers of length greater than or equal to four. It is known by counterexamples that the conjecture is false for product of disjoint blocks of four and five consecutive integers. In this paper, we present new algorithms generating new polynomial parametrizations that extend the polynomial parametrization given by Bennett and Luijk (Indag Math (N.S.) 23(1-2):123-127, 2012). Moreover, we produce the first examples of integer squares obtained from product of disjoint blocks of consecutive integers such that each block has length six or seven

Connecting Rural Change And Local Crafts

Peer reviewe

Studies on the diagnosis of spontaneous Marek's diseaseof chickens by histopathological and immunoperoxidase methods

In this study, organ and tissue samples were collected for routine histopathological examinations and also for the detection and definitive diagnosis of Marek's disease (MD) viral antigens by the Labeled StreptAvidin-Biotin Peroxidase (LSAB) method during post-mortem examinations of dead or sacrificed hens. The chickens were taken from various sites located in regions of intensive poultry production in Turkey. This disease is quite frequently encountered in Turkey and is still one of the major causes of economic losses in the poultry industry. The material of this study was composed of various organ samples collected from MD-suspected hens from various houses located within or around Istanbul, Adapazari, Bolu and Balikesir. Fifty hens were examined for the suspected disease. Sections prepared from collected organs or tissues were processed for both routine histopathological examinations and also for immunohistochemical evaluations under light microscope by the LSAB method. Lymphoid cell infiltrations of various sizes were observed, particularly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney, spleen, proventricle and sciatic nerves. Various changes such as cell infiltrations through interfollicular areas and cyst formations in the follicular areas of the bursa of Fabricius were determined in the histopathological examinations of some of the samples of birds suspected of MD. In immunoperoxidase stained slides of birds suspected of MID, intracytoplasmic and less frequently intranuclear stainings were detected in a majority of antigen-positive cells

Chloroquine used in combination with chemotherapy synergistically suppresses growth and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Background: The inhibition of autophagy using pharmacological inhibitors such as chloroquine may be an effective strategy to overcome chemotherapy or resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy. Materials and Methods: The cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin (0.1-1 mu M), chloroquine (0.25-32 ,mu M) and their combination were investigated by employing ATP assay in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The effect of doxorubicin and chloroquine combination was also measured using tube formation assay on Matrigel. The anti-angiogenic activities of doxorubicin (2.5 mu g/pellet) and chloroquine (15 mu g/pellet), their combination, and standards (50 mu g/pellet) were tested in vivo using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Results: The combination of doxorubicin and chloroquine significantly had a stronger anti-angiogenic effect than the positive control (+/-)-thalidomide and doxorubicin alone in the CAM assay and in vitro tube-formation assay. Conclusion: Chloroquine enhanced the anti-angiogenic effect of doxorubicin on CAM at the tested concentrations.İstanbul Üniversitesi - 49841 - 55089 - 21160 - 20856 - 49997 - 53382Kinik Compan

Effects of combined administration of doxorubicin and chloroquine on lung pathology in mice with solid Ehrlich ascites carcinoma

Combined use of a chemotherapeutic agent and an autophagy inhibitor is a novel cancer treatment strategy. We investigated the effects of chloroquine (CQ) on lung pathology caused by both solid Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and doxorubicin (DXR). A control group and eight experimental groups of adult female mice were inoculated subcutaneously with 2.5 x 10(6) EAC cells. DXR (1.5 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg) and CQ (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) alone or in combination were injected intraperitoneally on days 2, 7 and 12 following inoculation with EAC cells. Lung tissue samples were examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for endothelial (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). Serum catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using ELISA. We found decreased levels of iNOS and eNOS in the groups that received 1.5 mg/kg DXR alone and in combination with 25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg CQ. Combined administration of DXR and CQ partially prevented disruption of alveolar structure. Levels of antioxidant enzymes and MDA were lower in all treated groups; the greatest reduction was observed in mice that received the combination of 25 mg/kg CQ + 1.5 mg/kg DXR. Levels of NGAL were elevated in all treated groups. We found that CQ ameliorated both EAC and DOX induced lung pathology in female mice with solid EAC by reducing oxidative stress