Three-dimensional hydrodynamical CO5BOLD model atmospheres of red giant stars VI. First chromosphere model of a late-type giant

Although observational data unequivocally point out to the presence of chromospheres in red giant stars, no attempts have been made so far to model them using 3D hydrodynamical model atmospheres. We therefore compute an exploratory 3D hydrodynamical model atmosphere for a cool red giant in order to study the dynamical and thermodynamic properties of its chromosphere, as well as the influence of the chromosphere on its observable properties. 3D radiation hydrodynamics simulations are carried out with the CO5BOLD model atmosphere code for a star with the atmospheric parameters (Teff=4010 K, log g=1.5, [M/H]=0.0), which are similar to those of the K-type giant star Aldebaran (alpha Tau). ... we compute the emergent continuum intensity maps at different wavelengths, spectral line profiles of Ca II K, the Ca II infrared triplet line at 854.2nm, and H alpha, as well as the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the emergent radiative flux. The initial model quickly develops a dynamical chromosphere characterised by propagating and interacting shock waves. The peak temperatures in the chromospheric shock fronts reach values on the order of up to 5000 K although the shock fronts remain quite narrow. Like for the Sun, the gas temperature distribution in the upper layers is composed of a cool component due to adiabatic cooling in the expanding post-shock regions and a hot component due to shock waves. For this red giant model, the hot component is a rather flat high-temperature tail, which nevertheless affects the resulting average temperatures significantly. The simulations show that the atmospheres of red giant stars are dynamic and intermittent. Consequently, many observable properties cannot be reproduced with one-dimensional static models but demand for advanced 3D HD modelling. Furthermore, including a chromosphere in the models might produce significant contributions to the emergent UV flux.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, A&A (2017, accepted

Determinanten der Bevölkerungsentwicklung in West- und Ostdeutschland

In the long run there will be a change of the size and the structure of the german population because of mortality decline and birth rates below the reproduction level. In this projection we analyze the different effects of variations of fertility, mortality and migration flows on the population. We show, that immigration on a realistic level is not able to compensate the deficit of live births, but can alleviate the shrinking and ageing process of the german population. Without pronatalistic measures, higher than present birth rates are not expected. While, in our simulations, immigration and an increase in fertility could potentially stabilize the population size in the west, this will not occur in the eastern part of Germany. There, the net east-west migration leads to an additional population decline.

Climatologies and long-term changes in mesospheric wind and wave measurements based on radar observations at high and mid latitudes

We report on long-term observations of atmospheric parameters in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) made over the last 2 decades. Within this study, we show, based on meteor wind measurement, the long-term variability of winds, tides, and kinetic energy of planetary and gravity waves. These measurements were done between the years 2002 and 2018 for the high-latitude location of Andenes (69.3°N, 16°E) and the mid-latitude locations of Juliusruh (54.6°N, 13.4°E) and Tavistock (43.3°N, 80.8°W). While the climatologies for each location show a similar pattern, the locations differ strongly with respect to the altitude and season of several parameters. Our results show annual wind tendencies for Andenes which are toward the south and to the west, with changes of up to 3°m s-1 per decade, while the mid-latitude locations show smaller opposite tendencies to negligible changes. The diurnal tides show nearly no significant long-term changes, while changes for the semidiurnal tides differ regarding altitude. Andenes shows only during winter a tidal weakening above 90°km, while for the Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar (CMOR) an enhancement of the semidiurnal tides during the winter and a weakening during fall occur. Furthermore, the kinetic energy for planetary waves showed strong peak values during winters which also featured the occurrence of sudden stratospheric warming. The influence of the 11-year solar cycle on the winds and tides is presented. The amplitudes of the mean winds exhibit a significant amplitude response for the zonal component below 82°km during summer and from November to December between 84 and 95°km at Andenes and CMOR. The semidiurnal tides (SDTs) show a clear 11-year response at all locations, from October to November. © 2019 by ASME

R&D Spin-outs in the pharmaceutical industry

The high number of research and development (R&D) spin-outs in the pharmaceutical industry during the last 10 years focusing on drug development or offering specialised services demonstrates that pharmaceutical companies believe, through doing this, they can improve R&D performance. In a study, 43 European drug development as well as service oriented R&D spin-outs were analysed with regard to background, impact, realisation and the underlying strategy of the pharmaceutical parent companies. Spin-out creation can help to refocus the company strategy. Following a merger or simply complementing a strategic realignment on core areas, spin-outs provide a valuable option to leverage assets of low strategic importance, or under-exploited assets in their parent companies. Key aspects are strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit, a clear focus on core activities, performance-oriented controlling through cash-driven key indicators, high identification with the company, and appropriate financial incentives for management and staff.<br

A comparison of 11-year mesospheric and lower thermospheric winds determined by meteor and MF radar at 69 ° N

The Andenes Meteor Radar (MR) and the Saura Medium Frequency (MF) Radar are located in northern Norway (69° N, 16° E) and operate continuously to provide wind measurements of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region. We compare the two systems to find potential biases between the radars and combine the data from both systems to enhance altitudinal coverage between 60 and 110 km. The systems have altitudinal overlap between 78 and 100 km at which we compare winds and tides on the basis of hourly winds with 2 km altitude bins. Our results indicate reasonable agreement for the zonal and meridional wind components between 78 and 92 km. An exception to this is the altitude range below 84 km during the summer, at which the correlation decreases. We also compare semidiurnal and diurnal tides according to their amplitudes and phases with good agreement below 90 km for the diurnal and below 96 km for the semidiurnal tides. Based on these findings we have taken the MR data as a reference. By comparing the MF and MR winds within the overlapping region, we have empirically estimated correction factors to be applied to the MF winds. Existing gaps in that data set will be filled with weighted MF data. This weighting is done due to underestimated wind values of the MF compared to the MR, and the resulting correction factors fit to a polynomial function of second degree within the overlapping area. We are therefore able to construct a consistent and homogenous wind from approximately 60 to 110 km

Mögliche Effekte des demographischen Wandels-Ein Überblick-

One of the more important influences shaping the future economic conditions of the highly industrialized countries is the decline and aging of their population. The article is a comprehensive survey of the impact of this development on key economic variables and the institutions of the welfare state. While the overall consequence of the aging process on productivity growth is more likely to be negative, there are also some offsetting forces like the increase in the capital intensity. The institutions of the welfare state, which are based on intergenerational transfers, will have to be reformed, in order to bring them in line with the demographic process. The prediction of a decrease in the rate of unemployment as a consequence of a declining labor force is according to our analysis not justified.

International Workshop on Measuring Techniques for Liquid Metal Flows (MTLM), Rossendorf, 11.-13.10.99, Proceedings: International Workshop on Measuring Techniques for Liquid Metal Flows (MTLM), Rossendorf, 11.-13.10.99, Proceedings

The International Workshop on "Measuring Techniques in Liquid Metal Flows" (MTLM Workshop) was organised in frame of the Dresden "Innovationskolleg Magnetofluiddynamik". The subject of the MTLM Workshop was limited to methods to determine physical flow quantities such as velocity, pressure, void fraction, inclusion properties, crystallisation fronts etc. The present proceedings contain abstracts and viewgraphs of the oral presentations. During the last decades numerical simulations have become an important tool in industry and research to study the structure of flows and the properties of heat and mass transfer. However, in case of liquid metal flows there exists a significant problem to validate the codes with experimental data due to the lack of available measuring techniques. Due to the material properties (opaque, hot, chemical aggressive) the measurement of flow quantities is much more delicate in liquid metals compared to ordinary water flows. The generalisation of results obtained by means of water models to real liquid metal flows has often to be considered as difficult due to the problems to meet the actual values of non-dimensional flow parameters (Re, Pr, Gr, Ha, etc.). Moreover, a strong need has to be noted to make measuring techniques available to monitor and to control flow processes in real industrial facilities