Frequency of Occurence of Phonemes in American Spanish

On a fait un inventaire des phonèmes de l’espagnol américain en faisant une statistique informatisée de leurs fréquences et leurs distributions. Le corpus a été relevé dans cinq pièces du théâtre contemporain, et il comprend 74 460 syllables dont 163 861 phonèmes et 43 306 mots. En premier lieu, les sons ont été traités séparément. Les phonèmes /e a о s n r i/ ont obtenu 67,5 % de l’occurrence totale. Il a également également été calculé la distribution relative des phonèmes dans les syllables les plus fréquentes. Les plus hauts pourcentages correspondent à /a e o/ et /s n d t k/. De plus, ils se distribuent en tenant compte de leur position initiale et finale, tant dans les syllabes que dans les mots.La forte incidence des voyelles, ainsi que celle des consonnes neutralisées en position finale des segments syllabiques, met en évidence le caractère vocalique de la langue espagnole.A computer aided inventory of the frequency and distribution of American Spanish phonemes is reported. The corpus, drawn from five modern plays, contained 163,861 phonemes in 74,460 syllables and 43,306 words. First single elements were counted. The seven first sounds /e a o s n r i/ account for 67.5% of the total occurrences. The relative distribution of phonemes in the most frequent syllables was calculated. Higher scores correspond to /a e o/ and /s n d k t/. All phonemes were distributed according to their initial and final syllable and words position

The numerical index of 22-dimensional Lipschitz-free spaces

We provide the explicit formula for the numerical index of any $2$-dimensional Lipschitz-free space, also giving the construction of operators attaining this value as its numerical radius. As a consequence, the numerical index of $2$-dimensional Lipschitz-free spaces can take any value of the interval $[\frac{1}{2},1]$, and this whole range of numerical indices can be attained by taking $2$-dimensional subspaces of any Lipschitz-free space of the form $\mathcal{F}(A)$, where $A\subset {\mathbb{R}}^n$ with $n\geq 2$ is any set with non-empty interior

Periodic orbits of a perturbed 3-dimensional isotropic oscillator with axial symmetry

We study the periodic orbits of a generalized Yang-Mills Hamiltonian H depending on a parameter β. Playing with the parameter β we are considering extensions of the Contopoulos and of the Yang-Mills Hamiltonians in a 3-dimensional space. This Hamiltonian consists of a 3-dimensional isotropic harmonic oscillator plus a homogeneous potential of fourth degree having an axial symmetry, which implies that the third component N of the angular momentum is constant. We prove that in each invariant space H = h > 0 the Hamiltonian system has at least four periodic solutions if either β 6 and β != 5 sqrt(13). We also study the linear stability or instability of these periodic solutions

A Generative Framework for Low-Cost Result Validation of Outsourced Machine Learning Tasks

The growing popularity of Machine Learning (ML) has led to its deployment in various sensitive domains, which has resulted in significant research focused on ML security and privacy. However, in some applications, such as autonomous driving, integrity verification of the outsourced ML workload is more critical--a facet that has not received much attention. Existing solutions, such as multi-party computation and proof-based systems, impose significant computation overhead, which makes them unfit for real-time applications. We propose Fides, a novel framework for real-time validation of outsourced ML workloads. Fides features a novel and efficient distillation technique--Greedy Distillation Transfer Learning--that dynamically distills and fine-tunes a space and compute-efficient verification model for verifying the corresponding service model while running inside a trusted execution environment. Fides features a client-side attack detection model that uses statistical analysis and divergence measurements to identify, with a high likelihood, if the service model is under attack. Fides also offers a re-classification functionality that predicts the original class whenever an attack is identified. We devised a generative adversarial network framework for training the attack detection and re-classification models. The evaluation shows that Fides achieves an accuracy of up to 98% for attack detection and 94% for re-classification.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure

New families of periodic orbits for a galactic potential

Agraïments: Fundación Séneca de la Región de Murcia grant number 19219/PI/14.The Hamiltonian system associated to the Hamiltonian $$H=(P_1^2 P_2^2 P_3^2)/2 (Q_1^2 Q_2^2 Q_3^2)/2 (Q_1^4 Q_2^4 Q_3^4 a(Q_1^2Q_2^2 Q_1^2Q_3^2 Q_2^2Q_3^2)),$$ where and a are parameters and is small, describes the local motion in the central area of a galaxy. Its dynamics have been study by many authors. Here we find analytically new families of periodic orbits of this Hamiltonian system

A king and vassals' tale: Molecular signatures of clonal integration in Posidonia oceanica under chronic light shortage

Under unfavourable conditions, clonal plants benefit from physiological integration among ramets, sharing resources and information. Clonal integration can buffer against environmental changes and lets the plant clone work as a ‘macro’ organism. Molecular signals that regulate this phenomenon are completely unknown in marine plants. Here we present a first comprehensive study providing insights into the metabolic role of different types of ramets (i.e. apical vs. vertical) in the foundation species Posidonia oceanica. Plants were exposed to 80% diminishing irradiance level (LL) in a controlled mesocosm system. Subsequent multiscale variations in whole transcriptome expression, global DNA methylation level, photo-physiology, morphology and fitness-related traits, were explored at different exposure times. We tested the hypothesis that vertical shoots (the ‘vassals’) can provide vital resources to apical shoots (the ‘kings’) under energy shortage, thus safeguarding the whole clone survival. Whole transcriptome analysis of leaves and shoot-apical meristems (SAMs) emphasized signatures of molecular integration among ramets, which strongly correlated with higher organization-level responses. In both shoots types, the exposure to LL resulted in a growth slowdown throughout the experiment, which started from immediate signals in SAMs. In apical shoots, this was linked to an acclimative response, where they were suffering a mild stress condition, while in vertical ones it fell in a more severe stress response. Yet, they suffered from sugar starvation and showed a clear cellular stress response in terms of protein refolding and DNA repair mechanisms. Several epigenetic mechanisms modulated the observed gene-expression patterns and the cross-talk between DNA methylation and the cellular energetic status appeared to regulate shoot metabolism under LL. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate a high level of specialization of integrated ramets within seagrass clones and a ‘division of labour’ under adverse conditions. Vertical shoots appear to do ‘most of the job’ especially in terms of resource providing, whereas activated functions in apical shoots were restricted to few important processes, according to an ‘energy-saving’ strategy. The response of vertical shoots could be seen as a ‘sacrificing response’ allowing the survival of ‘the king’ that is key for ensuring propagation and population maintenance, and for the colonization of new environments