Efeito do uso de biofilmes nas alterações físicas, químicas e físico-químicas da água de coco verde

A água de coco verde no interior do fruto é estéril, entretanto pode sofrer alterações durante o armazenamento do fruto e durante ou após sua extração, com perda da qualidade nutritiva, alteração no sabor e conseqüente redução do valor comercial. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de adaptar e desenvolver revestimentos biodegradáveis para prolongar a conservação do coco variedade Anão Verde, propiciando maior tempo para a sua comercialização e para o consumo da água. A água foi extraída de cocos revestidos com biofilmes de quitosana (B1), gelatina + CMC (B2), quitosana + gelatina (B3), CMC (B4) , gelatina (B5) e água [controle] (B6) e armazenados a 12ºC ± 2ºC, UR 80% por 40 dias. Amostras foram retiradas no início e a cada 10 dias para as análises físicas (volume de água e turbidez), fisíco-químicas (sólidos solúveis totais; potencial hidrogeniônico (pH); acidez total titulável); e químicas (glicose, frutose e sacarose; vitamina C total; minerais (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, Mn); cloreto e nitrogênio total). As características físicas, físico-químicas e químicas foram mais afetadas pelo tempo de armazenamento do que pelos tratamentos com biofilmes. O tempo de armazenamento causou redução no volume de água dos frutos, aumentou a turbidez, reduziu o pH, os teores de sólidos solúveis, de glicose, frutose e vitamina C, aumentou a acidez total titulável, os minerais, mas não teve efeito sobre os teores de sacarose e de alguns minerais como Na e Mn. Os biofilmes e o tempo de armazenamento afetaram a acidez total titulável, os teores de glicose e frutose, a vitamina C, os minerais como o N e Ca, sendo que as águas dos frutos revestidos com quitosana, quitosana + gelatina e gelatina apresentaram poucas alterações destas variáveis com o decorrer do armazenamento, quando comparadas às dos demais tratamentos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Evaluation of Staining Methods for Cytologic Diagnosis of Oral Lesions

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of Papanicolaou, hematoxylin-eosin (H-E), Leishman and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining for Cytologic diagnosis of oral lesions.Study DesignPatients from the Discipline of Stomatology, Sao Jose dos Campos Dental School, from the wards of Hospital Heliopolis and from the dentistry outpatient clinic of the University Hospital, University of São Paulo Medical School, with the following diseases, were selected: erythematous candidiasis (n = 9), pseudomembranous candidiasis (n = 10), squamous cell carcinoma In = 19), herpes simplex (n = 8), paracoccidioidomycosis In = 8) and pemphigus vulgaris (n = 1).ResultsThe different staining methods were compared regarding the quality of definition of cytoplasmic and nuclear morphologic characteristics and the identification of bacteria, fungi, inflammatory cells and secretions. Papanicolaou and H-E staining were considered better methods. In cases of fungal infections, PAS staining is useful and should be applied as a complementary method.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the cytologic diagnosis of oral lesions along with different staining methods is a useful tool for oral diagnosis. (Acta Cytol 2008;52:697-701

Cytokeratin Profile in Exfoliative Cytology of Smokers

OBJECTIVE: To compare the expression of cytokeratins (CKs) 6, 16, 19 and pan-cytokeratin (PAN) in oral mucosa cells between smokers and nonsmokers to determine the proliferative activity and expression indicative of a potential for malignant transformation.STUDY DESIGN: Smears were obtained from the kit lateral border of the tongue with a cytobrush from 25 smokers and 20 nonsmokers seen at the clinics of Silo Jose dos Campos Dental School, São Paulo State University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Silo Paulo, Brazil, and processed for immunohistochemistry. Conventional microscopy was used for qualitative analysis. Proportions were compared statistically by the z-test and Fisher's exact test.RESULTS: The expression of CK6 (p = 0.002), CK16 (p = 0.003), CK19 ( p = 0.0001) and PAN (p = 0.008) was higher in oral mucosa smears from smokers compared to nonsmokers.CONCLUSION: The expression of CK6 and CK16 demonstrated increased epithelial proliferation in the oral mucosa of smokers, and expression of CK19 indicated alterations in epithelial maturation. The expression of PAN indicates the need for the investigation of other types of CK in further studies. (Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2011;33:19-24)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Oral Exfoliative Cytology for the Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis in a Patient with Human Immunodeficiency Virus A Case Report

BackgroundParacoccidioidomycosis is not the most common fungal disease in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), except for endemic regions in Latin America countriesCaseA 33-year-old man with HIV presented with mulberry-like lesions on the palate The diagnosis was made by exfoliative cytology and Papanicolaou staining Microscopic analysis revealed fungal structures with birefringent walls and exosporulation conferring an airplane radial motor appearance, or even bowel-like or goblet-like forms compatible with Paracoccidioides brasiliensisConclusionThis process spares the immunosuppressed patient from under going invasive biopsy procedures (Acta Cytol 2010,54 1127-1129

Survivin and inducible nitric oxide synthase production during 4NQO-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis: A possible relationship

This study was undertaken to investigate, by immunohistochermistry, the expression of survivin and inducible nitric oxide synthase during 4NQO-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats were distributed into three groups of 10 animals each and treated with 50 ppm 4NQO solution through their drinking water for 4, 12, and 20 weeks. Ten animals were used as negative control. Although no histopathological abnormalities were induced in the epithelium after 4 weeks of carcinogen exposure, survivin and iNOS were expresssed (P < 0.05) in some cells of the 'normal' oral epithelium. in pre-neoplastic lesions at 12 weeks following carcinogen exposure, the levels of survivin and iNOS were increased (p < 0.05) when compared to negative control, being the strongest effect observed to iNOS. in well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma induced after 20 weeks of treatment with 4NQO, survivin and iNOS were expressed in some tumor cells. Lack of immunoreactivity for both markers was observed in the negative control group. Taken together, our results support the belief that expression of survivin and iNOS are early events during malignant transformation and conversion of the oral mucosa. (c) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Hlth Sci, São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose Campos Sch Dent, Dept Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Med Sch, Dept Pathol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Hlth Sci, São Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc