Développer la capacité des conseillers à agir face à la diversité des situations de conseil en grande culture

Face aux enjeux d’une transition agro-écologique, le conseil en grande culture s’ouvre à de nouvelles formes de raisonnement agronomique et implique de nouvelles compétences, ou plus exactement de nouvelles capacités à agir des conseillers. Les auteurs proposent une analyse de l’activité de conseil destiné à comprendre l’origine des difficultés que les conseillers rencontrent dans leurs interactions avec les agriculteurs, en postulant que de nouvelles capacités à agir se développent dans une réflexion de ces difficultés. En comparant trois situations de conseil réalisées par un même conseiller, les auteurs pointent les réussites ou les défauts de coordination et identifient ce que le conseiller peut faire évoluer dans la construction de son action de conseil.Arable farming advisors have to develop new agronomic reasoning and new skills to address the challenges of an agro-ecological transition. To support this professional development, we propose an analytical framework of the advisory activity. It stresses the operations carried out by an advisor in order to orient his performance and highlights the need for the advisor to reflect on his way to co-ordinate with his environment and ”the others” for building a common action. We analyse three advisory situations and show that this framework enables us to identify the obstacles met in the coordination process and in the coupling of the advisor’s activity and the situation. We discuss how such results can support a reflexive process oriented towards the professional development of the advisors

FeIII and FeII Phosphasalen Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Application for 2‐Naphtol Oxidative Coupling

International audienceSynthesis and characterization of three iron(III) phosphasalen complexes as well as the iron(II) analogue are reported. Phosphasalen (Psalen) differ from salen by the presence of iminophosphorane (P=N) functions in place of the imines in salen. All the complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, UV-vis and EPR spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. The [Fe II (Psalen)] complex was shown to remain tetracoordinated even in coordinating solvent but exhibits surprisingly a magnetic moment in line with a Fe II high spin ground state. For the Fe III complexes, the higher lability of triflate anion compared to nitrate was demonstrated. As they exhibit lower reduction potential compared to their salen analogues, these complexes were tested for the coupling of 2-naphtol using O2 from air as oxidant. In order to shed light on this reaction, the interaction between 2-napthol and the Fe III (Psalen) complexes was studied by cyclic voltammetry as well as UV-vis spectrosocopy

Correction: What Do Pneumocystis Organisms Tell Us about the Phylogeography of Their Hosts? The Case of the Woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus in Continental Europe and Western Mediterranean Islands.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120839.]

What Do Pneumocystis Organisms Tell Us about the Phylogeography of Their Hosts? The Case of the Woodmouse Apodemus sylvaticus in Continental Europe and Western Mediterranean Islands

International audiencePneumocystis fungi represent a highly diversified biological group with numerous species, which display a strong host-specificity suggesting a long co-speciation process. In the present study, the presence and genetic diversity of Pneumocystis organisms was investigated in 203 lung samples from woodmice (Apodemus sylvaticus) collected on western continental Europe and Mediterranean islands. The presence of Pneumocystis DNA was assessed by nested PCR at both large and small mitochondrial subunit (mtLSU and mtSSU) rRNA loci. Direct sequencing of nested PCR products demonstrated a very high variability among woodmouse-derived Pneumocystis organisms with a total number of 30 distinct combined mtLSU and mtSSU sequence types. However, the genetic divergence among these sequence types was very low (up to 3.87%) and the presence of several Pneumocystis species within Apodemus sylvaticus was considered unlikely. The analysis of the genetic structure of woodmouse-derived Pneumocystis revealed two distinct groups. The first one comprised Pneumocystis from woodmice collected in continental Spain, France and Balearic islands. The second one included Pneumocystis from woodmice collected in continental Italy, Corsica and Sicily. These two genetic groups were in accordance with the two lineages currently described within the host species Apodemus sylvaticus. Pneumocystis organisms are emerging as powerful tools for phylogeographic studies in mammals

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Dossier L’appareil de développement, sur lequel a historiquement reposé la modernisation de l’agriculture, est en pleine mutation : raréfaction des ressources économiques qui étaient jusqu’à présent les siennes, nouvelles exigences européennes sur les dispositifs de conseil, intervention croissante d’acteurs extérieurs au secteur agricole dans l’orientation des pratiques des agriculteurs, nouveaux opérateurs qui prennent pied dans ce domaine d’activité, développement de nouvelles démarches, méthodes et outils (médiation, coaching, utilisation des Nouvelles technologies de l'information et le de la communication [NTIC] côtoient expertise et accompagnement du changement). Dans cette mutation se jouent non seulement un mode de développement agricole, mais aussi la place des différents organismes d’appui et de conseil aux agriculteurs, ainsi que les façons d’exercer l’activité de conseil et les formes de reconnaissance professionnelle qui leur sont associées. Ce numéro spécial d'Économie rurale regroupe des contributions qui proposent différentes perspectives sur ces transformations en cours, en s’intéressant aussi bien aux institutions et aux formes d'organisation du conseil, qu’aux stratégies de nouveaux prestataires de service (dont font partie les firmes privées), mais aussi aux méthodes de conseil et aux métiers et activités des conseillers. Pour cela, il croise différents regards disciplinaires (sociologie, économie, gestion, ergonomie), et s'appuie sur des analyses concernant différents contextes géographiques et politiques, en France et en Europe, mais aussi en Amérique du Sud (Argentine) et en Afrique (Cameroun). Débat ● Financiarisation des marchés de matières premières et conséquences Note de lecture ● Pour le futur de la Méditerranée : l’agricultur

Minimum spanning network constructed using mtLSU rRNA and mtSSU rRNA combined sequences of <i>Pneumocystis</i> from <i>A</i>. <i>sylvaticus</i>.

<p>Geographic origins (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120839#pone.0120839.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120839#pone.0120839.g001" target="_blank">Fig. 1</a>) are indicated: Spa, Montseny; Pyr, the Pyrenees; Mon, Montpellier; Cal, Calabria; Mal, Mallorca; Min, Minorca; Sic, Sicily; Por, Porquerolles; Cor, Corsica. Numbers correspond to the mutational steps observed between haplotypes.</p

Prevalence of <i>Pneumocystis</i> carriage in woodmice (<i>Apodemus sylvaticus</i>) according to rodent geographic origin.

<p>Woodmice lung DNA samples were screened by nested-PCR at both mtLSU rRNA (LSU) and mtSSU rRNA (SSU) loci for the presence of <i>Pneumocystis</i>. The number of woodmice lung samples positive¹ for <i>Pneumocystis</i> DNA is indicated over the total number of analysed samples. Results of <i>Pneumocystis</i> carriage in wood mice are given according to woodmice geographic origin.</p><p>¹ A wood mice lung sample is considered to be positive for <i>Pneumocystis</i> DNA if the nested-PCR reveals to be positive at either mtLSU rRNA or mtSSU rRNA or both loci.</p><p>^a<i>Pneumocystis</i> concatenated sequences from the samples Cal39 and Cor5 are the same</p><p>^b<i>Pneumocystis</i> concatenated sequences from the samples Spa19, Mon5 and Por15 are the same</p><p>^c<i>Pneumocystis</i> concatenated sequences from the samples Ma47, Ma51 and Ma59 are the same</p><p>^d<i>Pneumocystis</i> concatenated sequences from the samples Ma53, Ma62, Ma66 and Ma71 are the same</p><p>Prevalence of <i>Pneumocystis</i> carriage in woodmice (<i>Apodemus sylvaticus</i>) according to rodent geographic origin.</p

<i>Pneumocystis</i> carriage in woodmouse: influence of the country of origin and insularity <i>versus</i> mainland (multivariate analysis)^a.

<p>^a OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. Significant results at <i>P</i> = 0.05 country × insularity</p><p><i>Pneumocystis</i> carriage in woodmouse: influence of the country of origin and insularity <i>versus</i> mainland (multivariate analysis)<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120839#t002fn001" target="_blank">^a</a>.</p

Genetic variability of <i>Pneumocystis</i> concatenated mtLSU and mtSSU sequences observed within each host locality.

<p>GD, genetic divergence; π, nucleotidic diversity; h, haplotype diversity; SD, standard deviation</p><p>Genetic variability of <i>Pneumocystis</i> concatenated mtLSU and mtSSU sequences observed within each host locality.</p