Study of Adhesion Maintenance During Cell Division in Epithelial Tissues.

Les tissus épithéliaux présentent deux caractéristiques majeures, ils sont robustes (rôle de barrière) mais également plastiques lors de la morphogénèse. L'homéostasie des tissus épithéliaux repose sur la régulation de la balance prolifération/mort cellulaire. Dans ma thèse, je décris tout d'abord, les mécanismes moléculaires permettant à la cellule épithéliale de se diviser tout en maintenant l'intégrité du tissu. J'ai ensuite altéré cette intégrité, en utilisant le système de génération de clônes mosaïques, afin de comprendre comment la cohésion du tissu est maintenue. Ce travail m'a alors permis de comprendre comment l'adhérence est modulée, puis restaurée, au cours de la division cellulaire. Ainsi, j'ai montré que l'intégrité des tissus est assurée par l'action concomitante des forces d'adhésion et des forces de tension. Enfin, mon travail apporte également des éléments clés pour l'étude de la perte d'adhérence des cellules tumorales responsable en partie, de la progression des tumeurs solides en métastases.Tissue homeostasis relies on the tight regulation of cell proliferation and cell death. Epithelial tissues are robust tissues that support the structure of developing embryos and adult organs and are effective barriers that physically protect the organism against pathogens. In my thesis, I have first described the molecular mechanisms responsible for maintaining tissue integrity during epithelial cell division. I have then abrogated this integrity by inducing mosaic clones within tissues to understand how tissue cohesion is maintained. This work shows how the continuity of adhesive properties is ensured during cell division. It also reveals new key elements that result in loss of adhesion in tissues and thus may be responsible for the progession from solid cancer to metastasis

Dynamics of primitive streak regression controls the fate of neuromesodermal progenitors in the chicken embryo

International audienceIn classical descriptions of vertebrate development, the segregation of the three embryonic germ layers completes by the end of gastrulation. Body formation then proceeds in a head to tail fashion by progressive deposition of lineage-committed progenitors during regression of the primitive streak (PS) and tail bud (TB). The identification by retrospective clonal analysis of a population of neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) contributing to both musculoskeletal precursors (paraxial mesoderm) and spinal cord during axis formation challenged these notions. However, classical fate mapping studies of the PS region in amniotes have so far failed to provide direct evidence for such bipotential cells at the single-cell level. Here, using lineage tracing and single-cell RNA sequencing in the chicken embryo, we identify a resident cell population of the anterior PS epiblast, which contributes to neural and mesodermal lineages in trunk and tail. These cells initially behave as monopotent progenitors as classically described and only acquire a bipotential fate later, in more posterior regions. We show that NMPs exhibit a conserved transcriptomic signature during axis elongation but lose their epithelial characteristicsin the TB. Posterior to anterior gradients of convergence speed and ingression along the PS lead to asymmetric exhaustion of PS mesodermal precursor territories. Through limited ingression and increased proliferation, NMPs are maintained and amplified as a cell population which constitute the main progenitors in the TB. Together, our studies provide a novel understanding of the PS and TB contribution through the NMPs to the formation of the body of amniote embryos

Toll-like receptor 3 expressing tumor parenchyma and infiltrating natural killer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer that is linked to chronically dysregulated liver inflammation. However, appropriate immune responses can control HCC progression. Here we investigated the role and underlying mechanism of toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) in HCC. Methods HCC cell death, and natural killer (NK) cell activation and cytotoxicity were assessed in vitro after treatment with the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C). The effect of TLR3 on the tumor parenchyma and infiltrating immune cells was investigated in a spontaneous liver tumor mouse model and a transplanted tumor mouse model (n = 3-9 mice per group). Immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze tumor samples from 172 HCC patients. Paired t-tests and analysis of variance tests were used to calculate P-values. The relationship between TLR3 expression and survival was determined by the Kaplan-Meier univariate survival analysis and a log-rank test. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results TLR3 activation increased cell death in the TLR3(+) SNU182 HCC cell line (30.5% vs 8.5%, P = .03) and promoted NK-cell activation (32.6% vs 19.4%, P < .001) and cytotoxicity (relative fourfold increase, P = .03) in vitro. In vivo, poly(I:C) treatment increased intratumoral chemokine expression, NK-cell activation and tumor infiltration, and proliferation of tumor-infiltrating T and NK cells. Proliferation of tumor parenchyma cells was decreased. Also, expression of chemokines or treatment with poly(I:C) decreased tumor growth. TLR3 expression in patient samples correlated with NK-cell activation, NK- and T-cell tumor infiltration, and inversely correlated with tumor parenchyma cell viability. TLR3 expression was also associated with longer survival in HCC patients (hazard ratio of survival = 2.1, 95% confidence interval = 1.3 to 3.4, P = .002). Conclusions TLR3 is an important modulator of HCC progression and is a potential target for novel immunotherapy

Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial

International audienc