78 research outputs found
Automatic Polyphonic Piano Music Transcription by a Multi-classification Discriminative-Learning
Prescribing through words : psychotherapy and psychotropic drugs
La prescription mĂ©dicamenteuse est lâun des principaux outils thĂ©rapeutiques utilisĂ© par le mĂ©decin. Si la mĂ©decine somatique dĂ©cline sa clinique selon lâenchaĂźnement symptĂŽmes- diagnostic-traitement, la psychiatrie se dĂ©marque dâune telle linĂ©aritĂ©. En effet, bien quâelle se soit calquĂ©e sur le modĂšle mĂ©dical depuis la dĂ©couverte des psychotropes en 1952, elle relĂšve dâune clinique spĂ©cifique : en psychiatrie, dâune part le symptĂŽme constitue une adresse Ă lâAutre, il contient donc une dimension relationnelle essentielle, dâautre part, le soin psychique implique une participation active du sujet, toute thĂ©rapie Ă©tant aussi auto-thĂ©rapie. La neuropharmacologie, en plein essor depuis 1952, propose un schĂ©ma thĂ©rapeutique se voulant plus scientifique car de plus en plus Ă©loignĂ© de la psychopathologie clinique. Le psychiatre est alors convoquĂ© en tant que technicien de la prescription de psychotropes, le mĂ©dicament se suffisant Ă lui-mĂȘme dâun point de vue thĂ©rapeutique. Face Ă une telle Ă©volution de la psychiatrie, comment prĂ©server un abord clinique ?Notre pratique esquisse la possibilitĂ© de dĂ©gager lâacte de prescrire dâune technicitĂ© exclusive. En effet, sous certaines conditions, la prescription de psychotropes constitue un acte psychothĂ©rapeutique Ă part entiĂšre. Pour cheminer dans notre rĂ©flexion, nous sommes passĂ©s par le paradigme du pharmakon afin de complexifier la question du prescrire. La clinique suggĂšre une possible alliance entre parole et mĂ©dicament. Prescrire dans la parole, au-delĂ de la molĂ©cule, consiste Ă qualifier la substance par la parole, de façon Ă ce quâelle devienne un mĂ©dicament spĂ©cifique de la rencontre clinique. La molĂ©cule, guidĂ©e par la magie des mots, sera plus efficace. Lâacte de prescrire se conçoit donc comme une crĂ©ation Ă deux, Ă rĂ©inventer Ă chaque nouvelle rencontre, le moment de la prescription relevant dâun cheminement intime du cĂŽtĂ© du clinicien. Ainsi, loin de sâexclure mutuellement, psychothĂ©rapie analytique et pharmacothĂ©rapie ont tout intĂ©rĂȘt Ă croiser leurs regards sur la question du prescrire. Penser conjointement effet pharmacologique et relation clinique permet au clinicien de sâengager dans une authentique rencontre humaine avec le patient. La psychopathologie sâouvrira, peut-ĂȘtre, sur de nouvelles perspectives thĂ©rapeutiques.Prescribing medication is one of the main therapeutic tools used by physicians. If somatic medicine clinically acts according to a 'symptom-diagnosis-treatment' model, psychiatry does not follow this linear pathway. Although it has copied the medical model since the discoveryof psychoactive drugs in 1952, it possesses a specific clinical approach. First of all, in psychiatric care, the symptom is an address to the Other, it contains an essential social dimension. Moreover, it implies the subject's active participation, each therapy also being a self-therapy. Neuropharmacology, in full expansion since 1952, has taken a therapeutic scheme aiming at more scientificity by moving away from clinical psychopathology. Hence psychiatrists are seen as technicians of psychoactive drugs prescription, drugs being considered as self sufficient therapeuticaly. With regard to this evolution in psychiatric care, how can a clinical approach be maintained ? In practice, the act of prescribing can free itself from being exclusively technical. Prescribing psychoactive drugs can indeed, under certain conditions, be a true psychotherapeutic act. To guide us through this reflection, we used the pharmakon paradigm to make the issue of prescribing more complex. Clinical practice suggests a possible alliance between patients'words and medication. Beyond molecular action, prescribing through talking qualifies the substance by words, so it becomes a clinical-interaction-specific drug. The molecule, guided by the magic of words, will be more efficient. The act of prescribing is thus conceived as a creation made possible by two people, that must be reinvented at each encounter. The moment for prescribing is rather the fruit of the clinician intimate decision process. Thus, far from excluding each other, analytical therapy and pharmacotherapy would gain much from sharing their views on the issue of prescribing. Integrating both the pharmacological effect and the clinical interaction would allow clinicians to engage in an authentic human encounter with patients. Psychopathology may then open up to new therapeutic perspectives
Optical fibres in the radiation environment of CERN
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research (in Geneva, Switzerland), is home to a complex scientific instrument: the 27-kilometre Large Hadron Collider (LHC) collides beams of high-energy particles at close to the speed of light. Optical fibres are widely used at CERN, both in surface areas (e.g. for inter-building IT networks) and in the accelerator complex underground (e.g. for cryogenics, vacuum, safety systems). Optical fibres in the accelerator are exposed to mixed radiation fields (mainly composed of protons, pions, neutrons and other hadrons, gamma rays and electrons), with dose rates depending on the particular installation zone, and with radiation levels often significantly higher than those encountered in space. In the LHC and its injector chain radiation levels range from relatively low annual doses of a few Gy up to hundreds of kGy. Optical fibres suffer from Radiation Induced Attenuation (RIA, expressed in dB per unit length) that affect light transmission and which depends on the irradiation conditions (e.g. dose rate, total dose, temperature). In the CERN accelerator complex, the failure of an optical link can affect the proper functionality of control or monitoring systems and induce the interruption of the accelerator operation. The qualification of optical fibres for installation in critical radiation areas is therefore crucial. Thus, all optical fibre types installed in radiation areas at CERN are subject to laboratory irradiation tests, in order to evaluate their RIA at different total dose and dose rates. This allows the selection of the appropriate optical fibre type (conventional or radiation resistant) compliant with the requirements of each installation. Irradiation tests are performed in collaboration with Fraunhofer INT (irradiation facilities and expert team in Euskirchen, Germany). Conventional off-the-shelf optical fibres can be installed for optical links exposed to low radiation levels (i.e. annual dose typically below few kGy). Nevertheless, the conventional optical fibres must be carefully qualified as a spread in RIA of factor 10 is observed among optical fibres of different types and dopants. In higher radiation areas, special radiation resistant optical fibres are installed. For total dose above 1 kGy, the RIA of these special optical fibres is at least 10 times lower than the conventional optical fibres RIA at same irradiation conditions. 2400 km of these special radiation resistant optical fibres were recently procured at CERN. As part of this procurement process, a quality assurance plan including the irradiation testing of all 65 produced batches was set up. This presentation will review the selection process of the appropriate optical fibre types to be installed in the radiation environment of CERN. The methodology for choosing the irradiation parameters for the laboratory tests will be discussed together with an overview of the RIA of different optical fibre types under several irradiation conditions
Dispositifs nanophotoniques à ondes de surface en silicium poreux : technologie et application à la bio-détection
Ce travail de thĂšse s\u27inscrit dans les efforts actuellement rĂ©alisĂ©s pour amĂ©liorer les dispositifs de dĂ©tection de molĂ©cules chimiques et biologiques. Ce type de dĂ©tection demande de plus en plus de sensibilitĂ© et de miniaturisation pour ses applications dans les secteurs de la santĂ©, de l\u27environnement, de l\u27agriculture, ou encore de l\u27agro-alimentaire. Nous prĂ©sentons une alternative aux bio-capteurs optiques passifs les plus populaires actuellement, les dispositifs Ă plasmons de surface (ondes Ă©vanescentes Ă la surface d\u27une fine couche mĂ©tallique). Le dispositif de dĂ©tection proposĂ© est un cristal photonique unidimensionnel fabriquĂ© en silicium poreux, qui a la particularitĂ© de prĂ©senter des modes de surface. Ces modes prĂ©sentent deux avantages majeurs par rapport aux plasmons de surface, qui conduisent Ă une sensibilitĂ© significativement plus importante: - Ils peuvent fonctionner dans un domaine de longueur d\u27onde oĂč leurs pertes optiques sont beaucoup plus faibles que celles de leur Ă©quivalent mĂ©tallique. - La surface dĂ©veloppĂ©e de la structure poreuse est de plusieurs ordres de grandeur plus importante que celle des dispositifs plasmoniques. Le but de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de mettre en uvre la technologie du silicium poreux pour la rĂ©alisation et la dĂ©monstration d\u27un tel dispositif de bio-dĂ©tection.
La sensibilité amplifiée du fait de l\u27énorme surface développée du silicium poreux provoque une variation d\u27angle de couplage de 20 pour le dépÎt d\u27une dizaine de nanomÚtres de bio-molécules. A titre de comparaison, pour un dispositif équivalent non-poreux, un décalage d\u27angle de couplage de 0,75 serait observé pour un tel greffage
Reactivity of Vinyl Ethers and Vinyl Ribosides in UV-Initiated Free Radical Copolymerization with Acceptor Monomers
Compared Reactivity of Allyl Ribosides in UV-Initiated Free Radical Copolymerization with Acceptor Monomers
Prescrire dans la parole : écoute analytique et prescription médicamenteuse
Prescribing medication is one of the main therapeutic tools used by physicians. If somatic medicine clinically acts according to a 'symptom-diagnosis-treatment' model, psychiatry does not follow this linear pathway. Although it has copied the medical model since the discoveryof psychoactive drugs in 1952, it possesses a specific clinical approach. First of all, in psychiatric care, the symptom is an address to the Other, it contains an essential social dimension. Moreover, it implies the subject's active participation, each therapy also being a self-therapy. Neuropharmacology, in full expansion since 1952, has taken a therapeutic scheme aiming at more scientificity by moving away from clinical psychopathology. Hence psychiatrists are seen as technicians of psychoactive drugs prescription, drugs being considered as self sufficient therapeuticaly. With regard to this evolution in psychiatric care, how can a clinical approach be maintained ? In practice, the act of prescribing can free itself from being exclusively technical. Prescribing psychoactive drugs can indeed, under certain conditions, be a true psychotherapeutic act. To guide us through this reflection, we used the pharmakon paradigm to make the issue of prescribing more complex. Clinical practice suggests a possible alliance between patients'words and medication. Beyond molecular action, prescribing through talking qualifies the substance by words, so it becomes a clinical-interaction-specific drug. The molecule, guided by the magic of words, will be more efficient. The act of prescribing is thus conceived as a creation made possible by two people, that must be reinvented at each encounter. The moment for prescribing is rather the fruit of the clinician intimate decision process. Thus, far from excluding each other, analytical therapy and pharmacotherapy would gain much from sharing their views on the issue of prescribing. Integrating both the pharmacological effect and the clinical interaction would allow clinicians to engage in an authentic human encounter with patients. Psychopathology may then open up to new therapeutic perspectives.La prescription mĂ©dicamenteuse est lâun des principaux outils thĂ©rapeutiques utilisĂ© par le mĂ©decin. Si la mĂ©decine somatique dĂ©cline sa clinique selon lâenchaĂźnement symptĂŽmes- diagnostic-traitement, la psychiatrie se dĂ©marque dâune telle linĂ©aritĂ©. En effet, bien quâelle se soit calquĂ©e sur le modĂšle mĂ©dical depuis la dĂ©couverte des psychotropes en 1952, elle relĂšve dâune clinique spĂ©cifique : en psychiatrie, dâune part le symptĂŽme constitue une adresse Ă lâAutre, il contient donc une dimension relationnelle essentielle, dâautre part, le soin psychique implique une participation active du sujet, toute thĂ©rapie Ă©tant aussi auto-thĂ©rapie. La neuropharmacologie, en plein essor depuis 1952, propose un schĂ©ma thĂ©rapeutique se voulant plus scientifique car de plus en plus Ă©loignĂ© de la psychopathologie clinique. Le psychiatre est alors convoquĂ© en tant que technicien de la prescription de psychotropes, le mĂ©dicament se suffisant Ă lui-mĂȘme dâun point de vue thĂ©rapeutique. Face Ă une telle Ă©volution de la psychiatrie, comment prĂ©server un abord clinique ?Notre pratique esquisse la possibilitĂ© de dĂ©gager lâacte de prescrire dâune technicitĂ© exclusive. En effet, sous certaines conditions, la prescription de psychotropes constitue un acte psychothĂ©rapeutique Ă part entiĂšre. Pour cheminer dans notre rĂ©flexion, nous sommes passĂ©s par le paradigme du pharmakon afin de complexifier la question du prescrire. La clinique suggĂšre une possible alliance entre parole et mĂ©dicament. Prescrire dans la parole, au-delĂ de la molĂ©cule, consiste Ă qualifier la substance par la parole, de façon Ă ce quâelle devienne un mĂ©dicament spĂ©cifique de la rencontre clinique. La molĂ©cule, guidĂ©e par la magie des mots, sera plus efficace. Lâacte de prescrire se conçoit donc comme une crĂ©ation Ă deux, Ă rĂ©inventer Ă chaque nouvelle rencontre, le moment de la prescription relevant dâun cheminement intime du cĂŽtĂ© du clinicien. Ainsi, loin de sâexclure mutuellement, psychothĂ©rapie analytique et pharmacothĂ©rapie ont tout intĂ©rĂȘt Ă croiser leurs regards sur la question du prescrire. Penser conjointement effet pharmacologique et relation clinique permet au clinicien de sâengager dans une authentique rencontre humaine avec le patient. La psychopathologie sâouvrira, peut-ĂȘtre, sur de nouvelles perspectives thĂ©rapeutiques
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