Subdélégué et major de la milice bourgeoise, Charles René Audouard, un Rennais au cœur de l’« affaire » de Bretagne (1764-1769)

En 1763-1768, Charles-René Audouard enquêta avec zèle contre la résistance du Parlement de Bretagne dans l’affaire de Bretagne. Il permit au commandant en chef de Bretagne d’arrêter rapidement le procureur général La Chalotais et plusieurs autres magistrats dissidents. Ses moyens d’investigation furent très vite dénoncés par les publications des parlementaires. Charles-René Audouard serait un « monstre » créé par le commandant en chef contre la province. Qui fut cet homme ciblé par les parlementaires, puis par les partisans du commandant en chef lui-même ? Agent local du pouvoir, il fit avancer l’affaire de Bretagne grâce à ses racines familiales dans la société rennaise et surtout sa double fonction de major de la milice bourgeoise et de subdélégué de l’intendance à Rennes.In 1763-1768, Charles-René Audouard investigated the Parlement of Brittany’s actions in the case of La Chalotais. Quickly, he allowed the commander in-chief to arrest the general prosecutor and several other dissident magistrates. His powers of investigation were also rapidly denounced by the publications of the parlementarians. Charles-René Audouard was characterised as a “monster” sent by the commander in-chief against the province. Who was this man targeted by the magistrates and then also by the partisans of the commander in-chief? A local representative of the king’s power, he moved the case forward thanks to his family’s roots in the city and his dual role as a major of the militia and a subdelegate of the intendant

Subdélégué et major de la milice bourgeoise, Charles René Audouard, un Rennais au cœur de l’« affaire » de Bretagne (1764-1769)

En 1763-1768, Charles-René Audouard enquêta avec zèle contre la résistance du Parlement de Bretagne dans l’affaire de Bretagne. Il permit au commandant en chef de Bretagne d’arrêter rapidement le procureur général La Chalotais et plusieurs autres magistrats dissidents. Ses moyens d’investigation furent très vite dénoncés par les publications des parlementaires. Charles-René Audouard serait un « monstre » créé par le commandant en chef contre la province. Qui fut cet homme ciblé par les parlementaires, puis par les partisans du commandant en chef lui-même ? Agent local du pouvoir, il fit avancer l’affaire de Bretagne grâce à ses racines familiales dans la société rennaise et surtout sa double fonction de major de la milice bourgeoise et de subdélégué de l’intendance à Rennes.In 1763-1768, Charles-René Audouard investigated the Parlement of Brittany’s actions in the case of La Chalotais. Quickly, he allowed the commander in-chief to arrest the general prosecutor and several other dissident magistrates. His powers of investigation were also rapidly denounced by the publications of the parlementarians. Charles-René Audouard was characterised as a “monster” sent by the commander in-chief against the province. Who was this man targeted by the magistrates and then also by the partisans of the commander in-chief? A local representative of the king’s power, he moved the case forward thanks to his family’s roots in the city and his dual role as a major of the militia and a subdelegate of the intendant

Comments on the paper “Modification of composite hardness models to incorporate indentation size effects in thin films”, D. Beegan, S. Chowdhury and M.T. Laugier, Thin Solid Films 516 (2008), 3813–3817

Since the original work of Bückle concerning the substrate influence on the hardness measurement of thin film, more than 20 models were proposed to separate the contribution of the substrate. Subsequently to the development of these numerous models, a question arises: Which is the most relevant models among them? Indeed, the authors usually consider that their proposed model leads to the best prediction of the film hardness which is probably correct for a given experimental condition applied to a particular material. In addition, the authors also assume that the other models are not so relevant. But to have a sound discussion about the existing models, it is necessary to correctly apply them according to the author statement. In this paper, we better specified the application of the Jönsson and Hogmark model and that of Chicot and Lesage applied to the results obtained on copper films by Beegan et al. Contrarily to these authors, we show that the above-mentioned models lead to a good representation of the experimental data and a good predicted value of the film hardness

Insights into Persistence Mechanisms of a Zoonotic Virus in Bat Colonies Using a Multispecies Metapopulation Model.

Rabies is a worldwide zoonosis resulting from Lyssavirus infection. In Europe, Eptesicus serotinus is the most frequently reported bat species infected with Lyssavirus, and thus considered to be the reservoir of European bat Lyssavirus type 1 (EBLV-1). To date, the role of other bat species in EBLV-1 epidemiology and persistence remains unknown. Here, we built an EBLV-1−transmission model based on local observations of a three-cave and four-bat species (Myotis capaccinii, Myotis myotis, Miniopterus schreibersii, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) system in the Balearic Islands, for which a 1995-2011 serological dataset indicated the continuous presence of EBLV-1. Eptesicus serotinus was never observed in the system during the 16-year follow-up and therefore was not included in the model. We used the model to explore virus persistence mechanisms and to assess the importance of each bat species in the transmission dynamics. We found that EBLV-1 could not be sustained if transmission between M. schreibersii and other bat species was eliminated, suggesting that this species serves as a regional reservoir. Global sensitivity analysis using Sobol's method revealed that following the rate of autumn−winter infectious contacts, M. schreibersii's incubation- and immune-period durations, but not the infectious period length, were the most relevant factors driving virus persistence

Antibacterial Resistance, Wayampis Amerindians, French Guyana

Drug resistance in fecal bacteria was high in Wayampis Amerindians who did not take antibacterial agents and were not hospitalized for 1 year. In the Wayampis Amerindians, an isolated traditional community in French Guyana, antibacterial use was 0.64 treatments per person per year. Hospitalization rate was 6.1% per year. Antibacterial drug–resistant bacteria can spread in persons who are not taking antibacterial agents

Benchmarking clinical management of spinal and non-spinal disorders using quality of life: results from the EPI3-LASER survey in primary care

Concerns have been raised regarding sub-optimal utilization of analgesics and psychotropic drugs in the treatment of patients with chronic musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and their associated co-morbidities. The objective of this study was to describe drug prescriptions for the management of spinal and non-spinal MSDs contrasted against a standardized measure of quality of life. A representative population sample of 1,756 MSDs patients [38.5% with spinal disorder (SD) and 61.5% with non-spinal MSDs (NS-MSD)] was drawn from the EPI3-LASER survey of 825 general practitioners (GPs) in France. Physicians recorded their diagnoses and prescriptions on that day. Patients provided information on socio-demographics, lifestyle and quality of life using the Short Form 12 (SF-12) questionnaire. Chronicity of MSDs was defined as more than 12 weeks duration of the current episode. Chronic SD and NS-MSD patients were prescribed less analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs than their non-chronic counterpart [odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), respectively: 0.4, 0.2–0.7 and 0.5, 0.3–0.6]. They also had more anxio-depressive co-morbidities reported by their physicians (SD: 16.1 vs.7.4%; NS-MSD: 21.6 vs. 9.5%) who prescribed more antidepressants and anxiolytics with a difference that was statistically significant only for spinal disorder patients (OR, 95% CI: 2.0, 1.1–3.6). Psychotropic drugs were more often prescribed in patients in the lower quartile of SF-12 mental score and prescriptions of analgesics in the lower quartile of SF-12 physical score (P < 0.001). In conclusion, anxiety and depressive disorders were commonly reported by GPs among chronic MSD patients. Their prescriptions of psychotropic and analgesic drugs were consistent with patients’ self-rated mental and physical health

Mycobacterium abscessus and Children with Cystic Fibrosis

We prospectively studied 298 patients with cystic fibrosis (mean age 11.3 years; range 2 months to 32 years; sex ratio, 0.47) for nontuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory samples from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 1999. Mycobacterium abscessus was by far the most prevalent nontuberculous mycobacterium: 15 patients (6 male, 9 female; mean age 11.9 years; range 2.5–22 years) had at least one positive sample for this microorganism (versus 6 patients positive for M. avium complex), including 10 with >3 positive samples (versus 3 patients for M. avium complex). The M. abscessus isolates from 14 patients were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: each of the 14 patients harbored a unique strain, ruling out a common environmental reservoir or person-to-person transmission. Water samples collected in the cystic fibrosis center were negative for M. abscessus. This major mycobacterial pathogen in children and teenagers with cystic fibrosis does not appear to be acquired nosocomially

S. pneumoniae transmission according to inclusion in conjugate vaccines: Bayesian analysis of a longitudinal follow-up in schools

BACKGROUND: Recent trends of pneumococcal colonization in the United States, following the introduction of conjugate vaccination, indicate that non-vaccine serotypes tend to replace vaccine serotypes. The eventual extent of this replacement is however unknown and depends on serotype-specific carriage and transmission characteristics. METHODS: Here, some of these characteristics were estimated for vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes from the follow-up of 4,488 schoolchildren in France in 2000. A Bayesian approach using Markov chain Monte Carlo data augmentation techniques was used for estimation. RESULTS: Vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes were found to have similar characteristics: the mean duration of carriage was 23 days (95% credible interval (CI): 21, 25 days) for vaccine serotypes and 22 days (95% CI: 20, 24 days) for non-vaccine serotypes; within a school of size 100, the Secondary Attack Rate was 1.1% (95% CI: 1.0%, 1.2%) for both vaccine and non-vaccine serotypes. CONCLUSION: This study supports that, in 3–6 years old children, no competitive advantage exists for vaccine serotypes compared to non-vaccine serotypes. This is an argument in favour of important serotype replacement. It would be important to validate the result for infants, who are known to be the main reservoir in maintaining transmission. Overall reduction in pathogenicity should also be taken into account in forecasting the future burden of pneumococcal colonization in vaccinated populations