58 research outputs found

    DĂ©tection de la prĂ©sence humaine et Ă©valuation de la qualitĂ© du sommeil en Ă©tablissement d’hĂ©bergement pour personnes ĂągĂ©es dĂ©pendantes (EHPAD)

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    In France, in Europe and worldwide, the aging population is a reality. Some of these elderly people lose their autonomy as they are no longer able to manage alone the tasks of daily life. The societal issue is therefore to ensure a level of well-being and safety of these persons, consistent with changes in living standards, customs and modern habits. The research areas related to the problems of elderly people at home are showing great dynamism, while the nursing home, which remains the solution for cases of high dependence, is somewhat neglected. Nevertheless, staff shortages combined with rising costs and residents’ demands offer an opportunity for innovative ICT-based solutions. The work presented here was performed, in the context of a CIFRE doctoral thesis, within the Legrand research team and at the physics and electronics department of Mines-Telecom SudParis at Evry. The subject and project aim was twofold: firstly, designing a new sensor which will be incorporated in the electrical installation of the patient’s living space, and secondly, a multi-sensor merger to monitor the activity of the resident in order to enable real-time reporting of situations requiring the caregiver’s intervention or to detect slow drifts whose interpretation will be the responsibility of the medical staff. The work carried out for the purpose of this thesis has been included partially in the FUI 14 project whose propose is precisely the “supervision of residents in the nursing home”. The present paper is structured in such a way as to introduce the background of the work and the approach taken to perform it. The context and needs identified for monitoring of nursing home residents are also introduced. We begin by describing existing monitoring systems and the technical methods used to detect emergency situations. We end the first part (chapter 1) of this paper by specifying the major problem encountered when testing existing monitoring systems based on ambient sensors: namely how to detect the presence of an immobile and silent person in the room. Using an existing pyro-electric infrared sensors network installation in a nursing home, the next section proposes an original solution for detecting human presence in a room and also for differentiating between the presence of one and the presence of more than one person (chapter 2). Chapter 3 presents a new sensor integrated into the electrical installation of the patient’s living space. Here, we introduce a thermopile based thermal sensor in order to detect the presence of a person in his/her living space. In this work we restrict the use of this sensor to detecting the presence of the person in bed (chapter 4). The estimation of sleep quality which represents the original dimension of our work is presented in chapter 5. Differentiation between different phases of sleep is based on unsupervised classification approaches. Our project opens up encouraging prospects for the use of this type of sensor for relatively fine characterization of different kinds of sleepEn France, en Europe et dans le monde entier, le vieillissement de la population est une rĂ©alitĂ©. Une partie de cette population ĂągĂ©e est dite dĂ©pendante car elle n’est plus en mesure d’assumer seule les tĂąches de la vie quotidienne. L’enjeu sociĂ©tal est alors de garantir un niveau de bien-ĂȘtre et de sĂ©curitĂ© Ă  ces personnes, compatible avec l’évolution du niveau de vie et des usages et habitudes ‘modernes’. TrĂšs logiquement, les domaines de recherche liĂ©s Ă  la problĂ©matique des personnes ĂągĂ©es Ă  domicile font preuve d’un grand dynamisme, alors que la maison de retraite, qui reste la solution pour la grande dĂ©pendance, a Ă©tĂ© un peu dĂ©laissĂ©e. NĂ©anmoins, la pĂ©nurie de personnel conjuguĂ©e Ă  l’augmentation des coĂ»ts et des exigences des rĂ©sidents offre une opportunitĂ© Ă  des solutions innovantes basĂ©es sur les TIC. Les travaux de cette thĂšse de doctorat sous convention CIFRE se sont dĂ©roulĂ©s dans ce contexte au sein de l’équipe de recherche de Legrand et du dĂ©partement d’Electronique et Physique de TĂ©lĂ©com SudParis Ă  Evry. Le sujet concerne la conception d’un nouveau capteur (non-portĂ©) intĂ©grant l’installation Ă©lectrique du lieu de vie du patient ainsi que la fusion avec d’autres capteurs de l’infrastructure afin de suivre l’activitĂ© du rĂ©sident et, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, soit signaler en temps rĂ©el des situations nĂ©cessitant le recours d’un aidant, soit identifier des dĂ©rives lentes dont l’interprĂ©tation sera du ressort du personnel mĂ©dical. Les travaux de la thĂšse ont Ă©tĂ© en partie intĂ©grĂ©s au projet FUI14 « E-monitor’ñge » dont l’objectif est prĂ©cisĂ©ment la « supervision » des rĂ©sidents. Ce mĂ©moire est structurĂ© de maniĂšre Ă  prĂ©senter l’historique de ces travaux et la dĂ©marche opĂ©rĂ©e pour leur rĂ©alisation. Nous introduisons le contexte et les besoins identifiĂ©s pour le suivi des personnes ĂągĂ©es dans les maisons de retraites. Nous faisons un point sur les systĂšmes de supervision/monitoring existants et nous prĂ©sentons les mĂ©thodes et les techniques de dĂ©tection de situations d’urgence. Nous terminons cette partie du mĂ©moire (chapitre 1) par la spĂ©cification du problĂšme majeur rencontrĂ© par ces systĂšmes de supervision qui est celui de la dĂ©tection de prĂ©sence d’une personne. En s’appuyant sur la technologie des capteurs pyro-Ă©lectriques, la partie suivante propose une solution originale de traitement de signal pour la dĂ©tection d’une prĂ©sence humaine dans une chambre voire la dĂ©tection de prĂ©sence de plusieurs personnes Ă  la fois (chapitre 2). Le chapitre 3 introduit ensuite un capteur thermique Ă  base de thermopiles afin de dĂ©tecter la prĂ©sence d’une personne dans son lit, ce que ne permet pas la technologie pyro-Ă©lectrique qui ne dĂ©tecte pas un corps chaud immobile. Dans cette partie nous limitons l’utilisation de ce capteur Ă  la dĂ©tection de la prĂ©sence de la personne dans son lit (chapitre 4) voire Ă  l’estimation de la qualitĂ© de son sommeil qui constitue d’une part l’originalitĂ© de nos travaux s’appuyant sur des approches de classification non-supervisĂ©e, et qui ouvre des perspectives encourageantes quant Ă  l’utilisation de ce capteur pour caractĂ©riser relativement finement le type de sommeil d’autre part (chapitre 5

    A structural study of a polymer-surfactant system in dilute and entangled regime: Effect of high concentrations of surfactant and polymer molecular weight

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    International audienceIn the polymer-surfactant system, increasing the concentration of surfactant leads to structural changes in surfactant micelles. This is expected to influence the polymer conformation in the dilute regime where polymer chains are singles and in the entangled regime where the polymer system is described by the blob concept. In this report, the effect of large Sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT), surfactant concentrations on the conformation of two polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) molecular weight (M w Œ 55000 g/ mol and M w Œ 360000 g/mol) was discussed. In the first part, in the dilute regime, C PVP 3C*where polymer chains are considered isolated, the determination of PVP (M w Œ 55000 g/mol and M w Œ 360000 g/mol) intrinsic viscosity œh showed a coil to globule transition with the increase of temperature. Electrical conductivity measurements have shown the morphological transition (sphere-cylinder) of surfactant micelles with the increase of surfactant concentrations. The addition of AOT wormlike micelles revealed the expansion of PVP chains for the two molecular weight. In the second part, in PVP entangled regime,C PVP x16C* where overlapped polymer chains form molecular blobs, the addition of AOT wormlike micelles to PVP solutions doesn't affect the Newtonian behavior of PVP (M w Œ 55000) and the pseudo-plastic behavior of PVP (M w Œ 360000 g/mol). However, AOT surfactant reinforces significantly the dynamic viscosity of PVP,h for the two molecular weight. By fitting the PVP viscosity-temperature dependence with Fulcher-Tammann-Vogel law, the results showed that the more the surfactant is added, the stronger the PVP solution becomes, which proves that AOT cylindrical (wormlike) micelles presence enhances the solid character of PVP solutions

    Coronavirus Disinfection Physical Methods

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    Since 2019, the spread of the Coronavirus pandemic becomes the global health crisis. To fight the pandemic, several measures were adopted such as: Hygiene measure, massive test, social distancing, quarantine and distancing. Disinfection is an important operation in the fight against the spread of Corona virus pandemic. The disinfection methods are of chemical and physical type. In this work, we focused our interest to the physical methods. These methods are classified in three principal categories: irradiation techniques, heat treatment and mechanical techniques. All the different aspect of techniques are exposed in this chapter. The efficiency of the used techniques is also discussed

    Propagation Analysis of the Coronavirus Pandemic on the Light of the Percolation Theory

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    Efforts to combat the Covid-19 pandemic have not been limited to the processes of vaccine production, but they first began to analyze the dynamics of the epidemic’s spread so that they could adopt barrier measures to bypass the spread. To do this, the works of modeling, predicting and analyzing the spread of the virus continue to increase day after day. In this context, the aim of this chapter is to analyze the propagation of the Coronavirus pandemic by using the percolation theory. In fact, an analogy was established between the electrical conductivity of reverse micelles under temperature variation and the spread of the Coronavirus pandemic. So, the percolation theory was used to describe the cumulate infected people versus time by using a modified Sigmoid Boltzman equation (MSBE) and several quantities are introduced such as: the pandemic percolation time, the maximum infected people, the time constant and the characteristic contamination frequency deduced from Arrhenius equation. Scaling laws and critical exponents are introduced to describe the spread nature near the percolation time. The speed of propagation is also proposed and expressed. The novel approach based on the percolation theory was used to study the Coronavirus (Covid-19) spread in five countries: France, Italy, Germany, China and Tunisia, during 6 months of the pandemic spread (the first wave). So, an explicit expression connecting the number of people infected versus time is proposed to analyze the pandemic percolation. The reported MSBE fit results for the studied countries showed high accuracy

    Corpus multimodal enregistré par des personnes ùgées à domicile et l'élaboration d'un IHM adapté

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    International audienceL'Ă©valuation de la fragilitĂ© physique chez les personnes ĂągĂ©es est primordiale pour Ă©valuer leur capacitĂ© Ă  vivre en autonomie. Le systĂšme de monitoring prĂ©sentĂ© dans ce papier s'appuie sur cinq types de capteurs. Ces capteurs appartiennent Ă  deux classes d'appareillage : installation et mobiles . Parmi ces capteurs: 1) capteurs infrarouges supervise les diffĂ©rents dĂ©placements du sujet, 2) la balance estime l'Ă©quilibre, 3)le dynamomĂštre mesure la prĂ©hensionpalmaire 4) les semelles connectĂ©es mesure de nombre de pas 5) le radar de marche mesure la distance parcourue Ă  domicile et la vitesse de marcheĂ©galement. Le logiciel est dĂ©veloppĂ© sous Android pour rĂ©cupĂ©rer, envoyer et stocker des donnĂ©es sur un serveur distant. L'acceptabilitĂ© est Ă©valuĂ©e en premiĂšre phase en revanche l'acceptation est considĂ©rĂ©e en deuxiĂšme phase. Au cours de la premiĂšre phase, cinq personnes ĂągĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©es puis invitĂ©es Ă  passer une journĂ©e au Living Lab afin d’adapter et amĂ©liorer le systĂšme notamment l'IHM. La deuxiĂšme phase consiste Ă  installer le systĂšme Ă  domicile. Parmi les rĂ©sultats de cette seconde phase figure la base de donnĂ©es multimodale. Les mĂ©decins ont accĂšs Ă  la base de donnĂ©es via un site Web afin d’interprĂ©ter les effets du traitement qu’ils ont prescri

    Importin-13 genetic variation is associated with improved airway responsiveness in childhood asthma

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Glucocorticoid function is dependent on efficient translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of cells. Importin-13 (IPO13) is a nuclear transport receptor that mediates nuclear entry of GR. In airway epithelial cells, inhibition of IPO13 expression prevents nuclear entry of GR and abrogates anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Impaired nuclear entry of GR has been documented in steroid-non-responsive asthmatics. We hypothesize that common IPO13 genetic variation influences the anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma, as measured by change in methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR-PC<sub>20</sub>).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>10 polymorphisms were evaluated in 654 children with mild-to-moderate asthma participating in the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP), a clinical trial of inhaled anti-inflammatory medications (budesonide and nedocromil). Population-based association tests with repeated measures of PC<sub>20 </sub>were performed using mixed models and confirmed using family-based tests of association.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among participants randomized to placebo or nedocromil, IPO13 polymorphisms were associated with improved PC<sub>20 </sub>(i.e. less AHR), with subjects harboring minor alleles demonstrating an average 1.51–2.17 fold increase in mean PC<sub>20 </sub>at 8-months post-randomization that persisted over four years of observation (p = 0.01–0.005). This improvement was similar to that among children treated with long-term inhaled corticosteroids. There was no additional improvement in PC<sub>20 </sub>by IPO13 variants among children treated with inhaled corticosteroids.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>IPO13 variation is associated with improved AHR in asthmatic children. The degree of this improvement is similar to that observed with long-term inhaled corticosteroid treatment, suggesting that IPO13 variation may improve nuclear bioavailability of endogenous glucocorticoids.</p

    Evaluation of the content of a color image by pixel-based measure and classificationthrough the theory of belief functions

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    De nos jours, il est devenu de plus en plus simple pour qui que ce soit de prendre des photos avec des appareils photo numĂ©riques, de tĂ©lĂ©charger ces images sur l'ordinateur et d'utiliser diffĂ©rents logiciels de traitement d'image pour appliquer des modification sur ces images (compression, dĂ©bruitage, transmission, etc.). Cependant, ces traitements entraĂźnent des dĂ©gradations qui influent sur la qualitĂ© visuelle de l'image. De plus, avec la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation de l'internet et la croissance de la messagerie Ă©lectronique, des logiciels sophistiquĂ©s de retouche d'images se sont dĂ©mocratisĂ©s permettant de falsifier des images Ă  des fins lĂ©gitimes ou malveillantes pour des communications confidentielles ou secrĂštes. Dans ce contexte, la stĂ©ganographie constitue une mĂ©thode de choix pour dissimuler et transmettre de l'information.Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons abordĂ© deux problĂšmes : l'Ă©valuation de la qualitĂ© d'image et la dĂ©tection d'une modification ou la prĂ©sence d'informations cachĂ©es dans une image. L'objectif dans un premier temps est de dĂ©velopper une mesure sans rĂ©fĂ©rence permettant d'Ă©valuer de maniĂšre automatique la qualitĂ© d'une image en corrĂ©lation avec l'apprĂ©ciation visuelle humaine. Ensuite proposer un outil de stĂ©ganalyse permettant de dĂ©tecter, avec la meilleure fiabilitĂ© possible, la prĂ©sence d'informations cachĂ©es dans des images naturelles. Dans le cadre de cette thĂšse, l'enjeu est de prendre en compte l'imperfection des donnĂ©es manipulĂ©es provenant de diffĂ©rentes sources d'information avec diffĂ©rents degrĂ©s de prĂ©cision. Dans ce contexte, afin de profiter entiĂšrement de l'ensemble de ces informations, nous proposons d'utiliser la thĂ©orie des fonctions de croyance. Cette thĂ©orie permet de reprĂ©senter les connaissances d'une maniĂšre relativement naturelle sous la forme d'une structure de croyances. Nous avons proposĂ© une nouvelle mesure sans rĂ©fĂ©rence d'Ă©valuation de la qualitĂ© d'image capable d'estimer la qualitĂ© des images dĂ©gradĂ©es avec de multiple types de distorsion. Cette approche appelĂ©e wms-EVreg2 est basĂ©e sur la fusion de diffĂ©rentes caractĂ©ristiques statistiques, extraites de l'image, en fonction de la fiabilitĂ© de chaque ensemble de caractĂ©ristiques estimĂ©e Ă  travers la matrice de confusion. À partir des diffĂ©rentes expĂ©rimentations, nous avons constatĂ© que wms-EVreg2 prĂ©sente une bonne corrĂ©lation avec les scores de qualitĂ© subjectifs et fournit des performances de prĂ©diction de qualitĂ© compĂ©titives par rapport aux mesures avec rĂ©fĂ©rence. Pour le deuxiĂšme problĂšme abordĂ©, nous avons proposĂ© un schĂ©ma de stĂ©ganalyse basĂ© sur la thĂ©orie des fonctions de croyance construit sur des sous-espaces alĂ©atoires des caractĂ©ristiques. La performance de la mĂ©thode proposĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e sur diffĂ©rents algorithmes de dissimulation dans le domaine de transformĂ© JPEG ainsi que dans le domaine spatial. Ces tests expĂ©rimentaux ont montrĂ© l'efficacitĂ© de la mĂ©thode proposĂ©e dans certains cadres d'applications. Cependant, il reste de nombreuses configurations qui rĂ©sident indĂ©tectables.Nowadays it has become increasingly simpler for anyone to take pictures with digital cameras, to download these images to the computer and to use different image processing software to apply modifications on these images (Compression, denoising, transmission, etc.). However, these treatments lead to degradations which affect the visual quality of the image. In addition, with the widespread use of the Internet and the growth of electronic mail, sophisticated image-editing software has been democratised allowing to falsify images for legitimate or malicious purposes for confidential or secret communications. In this context, steganography is a method of choice for embedding and transmitting information.In this manuscript we discussed two issues : the image quality assessment and the detection of modification or the presence of hidden information in an image. The first objective is to develop a No-Reference measure allowing to automatically evaluate the quality of an image in correlation with the human visual appreciation. Then we propose a steganalysis scheme to detect, with the best possible reliability, the presence of information embedded in natural images. In this thesis, the challenge is to take into account the imperfection of the manipulated data coming from different sources of information with different degrees of precision. In this context, in order to take full advantage of all this information, we propose to use the theory of belief functions. This theory makes it possible to represent knowledge in a relatively natural way in the form of a belief structure.We proposed a No-reference image quality assessment measure, which is able to estimate the quality of the degraded images with multiple types of distortion. This approach, called wms-EVreg2, is based on the fusion of different statistical features, extracted from the image, depending on the reliability of each set of features estimated through the confusion matrix. From the various experiments, we found that wms-EVreg2 has a good correlation with subjective quality scores and provides competitive quality prediction performance compared to Full-reference image quality measures.For the second problem addressed, we proposed a steganalysis scheme based on the theory of belief functions constructed on random subspaces of the features. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on different steganography algorithms in the JPEG transform domain as well as in the spatial domain. These experimental tests have shown the performance of the proposed method in some application frameworks. However, there are many configurations that reside undetectable

    Detecting human presence and evaluation of sleep quality in accomodation establishment for the dependent elderly (nursing homes)

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    En France, en Europe et dans le monde entier, le vieillissement de la population est une rĂ©alitĂ©. Une partie de cette population ĂągĂ©e est dite dĂ©pendante car elle n’est plus en mesure d’assumer seule les tĂąches de la vie quotidienne. L’enjeu sociĂ©tal est alors de garantir un niveau de bien-ĂȘtre et de sĂ©curitĂ© Ă  ces personnes, compatible avec l’évolution du niveau de vie et des usages et habitudes ‘modernes’. TrĂšs logiquement, les domaines de recherche liĂ©s Ă  la problĂ©matique des personnes ĂągĂ©es Ă  domicile font preuve d’un grand dynamisme, alors que la maison de retraite, qui reste la solution pour la grande dĂ©pendance, a Ă©tĂ© un peu dĂ©laissĂ©e. NĂ©anmoins, la pĂ©nurie de personnel conjuguĂ©e Ă  l’augmentation des coĂ»ts et des exigences des rĂ©sidents offre une opportunitĂ© Ă  des solutions innovantes basĂ©es sur les TIC. Les travaux de cette thĂšse de doctorat sous convention CIFRE se sont dĂ©roulĂ©s dans ce contexte au sein de l’équipe de recherche de Legrand et du dĂ©partement d’Electronique et Physique de TĂ©lĂ©com SudParis Ă  Evry. Le sujet concerne la conception d’un nouveau capteur (non-portĂ©) intĂ©grant l’installation Ă©lectrique du lieu de vie du patient ainsi que la fusion avec d’autres capteurs de l’infrastructure afin de suivre l’activitĂ© du rĂ©sident et, le cas Ă©chĂ©ant, soit signaler en temps rĂ©el des situations nĂ©cessitant le recours d’un aidant, soit identifier des dĂ©rives lentes dont l’interprĂ©tation sera du ressort du personnel mĂ©dical. Les travaux de la thĂšse ont Ă©tĂ© en partie intĂ©grĂ©s au projet FUI14 « E-monitor’ñge » dont l’objectif est prĂ©cisĂ©ment la « supervision » des rĂ©sidents. Ce mĂ©moire est structurĂ© de maniĂšre Ă  prĂ©senter l’historique de ces travaux et la dĂ©marche opĂ©rĂ©e pour leur rĂ©alisation. Nous introduisons le contexte et les besoins identifiĂ©s pour le suivi des personnes ĂągĂ©es dans les maisons de retraites. Nous faisons un point sur les systĂšmes de supervision/monitoring existants et nous prĂ©sentons les mĂ©thodes et les techniques de dĂ©tection de situations d’urgence. Nous terminons cette partie du mĂ©moire (chapitre 1) par la spĂ©cification du problĂšme majeur rencontrĂ© par ces systĂšmes de supervision qui est celui de la dĂ©tection de prĂ©sence d’une personne. En s’appuyant sur la technologie des capteurs pyro-Ă©lectriques, la partie suivante propose une solution originale de traitement de signal pour la dĂ©tection d’une prĂ©sence humaine dans une chambre voire la dĂ©tection de prĂ©sence de plusieurs personnes Ă  la fois (chapitre 2). Le chapitre 3 introduit ensuite un capteur thermique Ă  base de thermopiles afin de dĂ©tecter la prĂ©sence d’une personne dans son lit, ce que ne permet pas la technologie pyro-Ă©lectrique qui ne dĂ©tecte pas un corps chaud immobile. Dans cette partie nous limitons l’utilisation de ce capteur Ă  la dĂ©tection de la prĂ©sence de la personne dans son lit (chapitre 4) voire Ă  l’estimation de la qualitĂ© de son sommeil qui constitue d’une part l’originalitĂ© de nos travaux s’appuyant sur des approches de classification non-supervisĂ©e, et qui ouvre des perspectives encourageantes quant Ă  l’utilisation de ce capteur pour caractĂ©riser relativement finement le type de sommeil d’autre part (chapitre 5)In France, in Europe and worldwide, the aging population is a reality. Some of these elderly people lose their autonomy as they are no longer able to manage alone the tasks of daily life. The societal issue is therefore to ensure a level of well-being and safety of these persons, consistent with changes in living standards, customs and modern habits. The research areas related to the problems of elderly people at home are showing great dynamism, while the nursing home, which remains the solution for cases of high dependence, is somewhat neglected. Nevertheless, staff shortages combined with rising costs and residents’ demands offer an opportunity for innovative ICT-based solutions. The work presented here was performed, in the context of a CIFRE doctoral thesis, within the Legrand research team and at the physics and electronics department of Mines-Telecom SudParis at Evry. The subject and project aim was twofold: firstly, designing a new sensor which will be incorporated in the electrical installation of the patient’s living space, and secondly, a multi-sensor merger to monitor the activity of the resident in order to enable real-time reporting of situations requiring the caregiver’s intervention or to detect slow drifts whose interpretation will be the responsibility of the medical staff. The work carried out for the purpose of this thesis has been included partially in the FUI 14 project whose propose is precisely the “supervision of residents in the nursing home”. The present paper is structured in such a way as to introduce the background of the work and the approach taken to perform it. The context and needs identified for monitoring of nursing home residents are also introduced. We begin by describing existing monitoring systems and the technical methods used to detect emergency situations. We end the first part (chapter 1) of this paper by specifying the major problem encountered when testing existing monitoring systems based on ambient sensors: namely how to detect the presence of an immobile and silent person in the room. Using an existing pyro-electric infrared sensors network installation in a nursing home, the next section proposes an original solution for detecting human presence in a room and also for differentiating between the presence of one and the presence of more than one person (chapter 2). Chapter 3 presents a new sensor integrated into the electrical installation of the patient’s living space. Here, we introduce a thermopile based thermal sensor in order to detect the presence of a person in his/her living space. In this work we restrict the use of this sensor to detecting the presence of the person in bed (chapter 4). The estimation of sleep quality which represents the original dimension of our work is presented in chapter 5. Differentiation between different phases of sleep is based on unsupervised classification approaches. Our project opens up encouraging prospects for the use of this type of sensor for relatively fine characterization of different kinds of slee

    Évaluation du contenu d'une image couleur par mesure basĂ©e pixel et classification par la thĂ©orie des fonctions de croyance

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    Nowadays it has become increasingly simpler for anyone to take pictures with digital cameras, to download these images to the computer and to use different image processing software to apply modi- fications on these images (Compression, denoising, transmission, etc.). However, these treatments lead to degradations which affect the visual quality of the image. For this purpose, it is necessary to have effective tools able to measure the impact of these distortions on the image quality. Moreover, in recent years a particular disruption has appeared, namely the embedding of "invisible" messages for legitimate or malicious purposes for confidential or secret communications. Nowadays, with the widespread use of the internet, steganography is becoming a popular practice and easily accessible to anyone who wants to hide a message or communicate in a secret way. Therefore, the need to detect steganographic objects give rise to steganalysis, the dual process of steganography.In this manuscript we discussed two issues : the image quality assessment and the detection of modifi- cation or the presence of hidden information in an image. The first objective is to develop a No-Reference measure allowing to automatically evaluate the quality of an image in correlation with the human visual appreciation. Then we propose a steganalysis scheme to detect, with the best possible reliability, the pre- sence of information embedded in natural images. In this thesis, the challenge is to take into account the imperfection of the manipulated data coming from different sources of information with different degrees of precision. In this context, in order to take full advantage of all this information, we propose to use the theory of belief functions. This theory makes it possible to represent knowledge in a relatively natural way in the form of a belief structure.We proposed a No-reference image quality assessment measure, which is able to estimate the quality of the degraded images with multiple types of distortion. This approach, called wms-EVreg2, is based on the fusion of different statistical features, extracted from the image, depending on the reliability of each set of features estimated through the confusion matrix. From the various experiments, we found that wms- EVreg2 has a good correlation with subjective quality scores and provides competitive quality prediction performance compared to Full-reference image quality measures.For the second problem addressed, we proposed a steganalysis scheme based on the theory of belief functions constructed on random subspaces of the features. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated on different steganography algorithms in the JPEG transform domain as well as in the spatial domain. These experimental tests have shown the performance of the proposed method in some application frameworks. However, there are many configurations that reside undetectable.Keywords : quality assessment, steganography, steganalysis, belief function.De nos jours, il est devenu de plus en plus simple pour qui que ce soit de prendre des photos avec des appareils photo numĂ©riques, de tĂ©lĂ©charger des images sur l’ordinateur et d’utiliser diffĂ©rents logiciels de traitement d’image pour appliquer des modifications sur ces images (compression, dĂ©bruitage, transmis- sion, etc.). Cependant, ces traitements entraĂźnent des dĂ©gradations qui influent sur la qualitĂ© visuelle de l’image. À cet effet, il est nĂ©cessaire de disposer d’outils efficaces capables de mesurer l’impact de ces dis- torsions sur la qualitĂ© de l’image. De plus, ces derniĂšres annĂ©es est apparue une perturbation particuliĂšre, Ă  savoir l’insertion de messages "invisibles" Ă  des fins lĂ©gitimes ou malveillantes pour des communications confidentielles ou secrĂštes. De nos jours, avec la gĂ©nĂ©ralisation de l’internet, la stĂ©ganographie devient une pratique populaire et facilement accessible Ă  toute personne dĂ©sirant dissimuler un message ou commu- niquer de façon secrĂšte. Par consĂ©quent, la nĂ©cessitĂ© et le besoin de dĂ©tecter des objets stĂ©ganographiĂ©s donnent lieu Ă  la stĂ©ganalyse, le processus dual de la stĂ©ganographie.Dans ce manuscrit, nous avons abordĂ© deux problĂšmes : l’évaluation de la qualitĂ© d’image et la dĂ©tection d’une modification ou la prĂ©sence d’informations cachĂ©es dans une image. L’objectif dans un premier temps est de dĂ©velopper une mesure sans rĂ©fĂ©rence permettant d’évaluer de maniĂšre automatique la qualitĂ© d’une image en corrĂ©lation avec l’apprĂ©ciation visuelle humaine. Ensuite proposer un outil de stĂ©ganalyse permettant de dĂ©tecter, avec la meilleure fiabilitĂ© possible, la prĂ©sence d’informations cachĂ©es dans des images naturelles. Dans le cadre de cette thĂšse, l’enjeu est de prendre en compte l’imperfection des donnĂ©es manipulĂ©es provenant de diffĂ©rentes sources d’information avec diffĂ©rents degrĂ©s de prĂ©cision. Dans ce contexte, afin de profiter entiĂšrement de l’ensemble de ces informations, nous proposons d’utiliser la thĂ©orie des fonctions de croyance. Cette thĂ©orie permet de reprĂ©senter les connaissances d’une maniĂšre relativement naturelle sous la forme d’une structure de croyances.Nous avons proposĂ© une nouvelle mesure sans rĂ©fĂ©rence d’évaluation de la qualitĂ© d’image capable d’estimer la qualitĂ© des images dĂ©gradĂ©es avec de multiple types de distorsion. Cette approche appelĂ©e wms- EVreg2 est basĂ©e sur la fusion de diffĂ©rentes caractĂ©ristiques statistiques, extraites de l’image, en fonction de la fiabilitĂ© de chaque ensemble de caractĂ©ristiques estimĂ©e Ă  travers la matrice de confusion. À partir des diffĂ©rentes expĂ©rimentations, nous avons constatĂ© que wms-EVreg2 prĂ©sente une bonne corrĂ©lation avec les scores de qualitĂ© subjectifs et fournit des performances de prĂ©diction de qualitĂ© compĂ©titives par rapport aux mesures avec rĂ©fĂ©rence.Pour le deuxiĂšme problĂšme abordĂ©, nous avons proposĂ© un schĂ©ma de stĂ©ganalyse basĂ© sur la thĂ©orie des fonctions de croyance construit sur des sous-espaces alĂ©atoires des caractĂ©ristiques. La performance de la mĂ©thode proposĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e sur diffĂ©rents algorithmes de dissimulation dans le domaine de transformĂ© JPEG ainsi que dans le domaine spatial. Ces tests expĂ©rimentaux ont montrĂ© l’efficacitĂ© de la mĂ©thode proposĂ©e dans certains cadres d’applications. Cependant, il reste de nombreuses configurations qui rĂ©sident indĂ©tectables.Mots clĂ©s : Ă©valuation de la qualitĂ©, stĂ©ganographie, stĂ©ganalyse, fonction de croyance

    Effets d'un anti-gluco-corticosteroiede, le RU 486, sur la maturation du pneumocyte de type II du foetus de rat

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    SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc
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