Valor nutricional de forrajes nativos del norte de México

Con el objetivo de evaluar su valor nutritivo, se colectaron los siguientes grupos de plantas nativas: arbóreas (2), arbustivas (12), hierbas (4), cactáceas (3), flores, frutos y vainas (8). Todas las plantas son consumidas por cabras en pastoreo. Las colectas se realizaron en la región norte del Estado de Durango, México. A cada especie se le determinó su composición química, grado de fermentación ruminal usando la técnica de producción de gas in vitro con y sin polietilen glicol y la digestibilidad in situ de la MS, PC y FDN. El contenido (%MS) de CE (4.0-32), PC (3.9-18.6), FDN (18.7-65.1), FDA (10.6-42.3), lignina (1.1-14.5) y TC (0.1-9.1), vario significativamente entre especies. El contenido de Ca, Mg y Fe permitiría satisfacer los requerimientos de cabras adultas en pastoreo, mientras que el P, K y Mn serían adecuados en el 90% de las plantas. El 59% de las plantas fue deficiente en Na, Cu y Zn. Se registraron variaciones importantes en los parámetros de producción de gas, EM y concentraciones de AGV. Solo el 28% de las plantas podría cubrir los requerimientos de EM de las cabras adultas en pastoreo. Se registró un efecto positivo del PEG sobre los parámetros de producción de gas in vitro en las arbóreas. Los parámetros de fermentación (b y c) y la concentración de AGV se relacionaron negativamente con la FDN, FDA y lignina, lo cual podría explicar el efecto negativo que ejercen los compuestos de la pared celular sobre la producción de gas in vitro. Se registró una correlación positiva entre la producción de gas a 24 h y la concentración de AGV totales, lo que pudiera indicar que la producción de gas es un reflejo de la generación de AGV. La digestibilidad verdadera in vitro de la MS y MO varió de 43 a 94% y de 41 a 94%, respectivamente. La degradabilidad in situ de la MS y la PC fueron superiores a 55% en todas las especies. De acuerdo con el sistema Francés PDI, el 76% de las especies cubriría las necesidades de cabras adultas en mantenimiento con actividad media (5.0% MS). Se concluye que los valores de producción de gas in vitro, contenido mineral, digestibilidad in vitro de la MS y la MO, degradabilidad in situ de la proteína y proteína metabolizable, respaldan la importancia nutricional de especies arbustivas, cactáceas, hierbas y frutos para cabras en pastoreo en la región semiárida del norte de México. No obstante, podria requerirse un programa de suplementación con proteína degradable cuando las cabras consumen, arbóreas, cactáceas, frutos y vainas; y energía fermentable en las épocas en que se consumen hierbas. Asimismo, se debería suplementar las dietas con P cuando los animales consumen cactáceas, con Mn, cuando consumen flores y vainas, y con Na, Cu y Zn, cuando consumen cualquiera de los grupos vegetativos estudiados. Abstract With the objective to evaluate their nutritional value, there were collected the following groups of native plantas: trees (2), shrubs (12), forbs (4), cacti (3), flowers, fruits and pods (8). All plants are consumed by range goats. Collections were carried out at the north region of Durango State, Mexico. The chemical composition was determined in each plant type; in addition, the extent and degree of ruminal fermentation, using the in vitro gas production technique with or whitout polietilene glycol and the in situ digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were also determined. Species varied in their contents (%DM) of ash (4.0-32), CP (3.9-18.6), NDF (18.7-65.1), ADF (10.6-42.3), lignin (1.1-14.5) and CT (0.1-9.1). Levels of Ca, Mg and Fe in species may be adequate to meet goats requirements, while P, K and Mn could be adequate in 90% of the plants; 59% of the plants were deficient in Na, Cu and Zn. A wide variability in in vitro gas production parameters, ME and VFA concentration was also recorded. Only 28% of the studied species would satisfy ME goats requirements. A positive effect of PEG on in vitro gas production was evident in tree and shrub species. In vitro fermentation parameters (b and c) and the concentration of VFA were negatively correlated with NDF, ADF and lignin, which might explain the detrimental effect of cell wall compounds on in vitro gas production. A positive correlation between gas production at 24h and the concentration of total VFA production was registered. In vitro true digestibility of DM and OM ranged from 43 to 94% and 41 to 94, respectively. The in situ degradability of DM and CP were superior to 55% in all species. According to the French IDP system, 76% of the species would meet the MP maintenance requirement (5% DM) of an adult grazing goat. It is concluded that values from the in vitro gas production parameters, mineral content, in vitro DM digestibility, in vitro OM digestibility, in situ CP degradability and metabolizable protein, support the nutritional relevance of shrubs, cacti , forbs and pods for grazing goats in the semiarid regions of North Mexico. Nonetheless, supplementation program might be required to provide with degradable protein to the goats when consuming shrubs, trees, cacti and fruits and pods. Similarly, fermentable energy would be advised in periods when goats are to consume forbs. Goats consuming cacti might require as well P supplementation; whereas, Mn ought to be offered when the animals select fruits and pods. Meanwhile, Na, Cu and Zn supplementation is necessary all year around

Frequency of metabolic syndrome in women treated at the Menopause Clinic of the “Dr. José Eleuterio González” University Hospital of the UANL in Northeastern Mexico

Objectives: To determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome (MS) in patients with menopause, and to compare the incidence of MS between surgical and natural menopause. Methods: This was an observational, longitudinal, descriptive, retrospective, unblinded study of cases seen at the Menopause Clinic of the University Hospital “Dr. José eleuterio González” of the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León from March 2009 to December 2011. The frequency of MS was determined based on Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) classiication. Results: at the end of the study, 391 patients were evaluated. The mean age was 50.1 years. We found a frequency of MS of 38.1%, the risk factor most often found was low HDL-cholesterol (62.5%), followed by obesity (46.5%), hypercholesterolemia (42.3%), hyperglycemia (11.5%), and hypertension (7.7%). The incidence of natural and surgical menopause was 37.6% vs. 39.2% respectively; however, the result was not statistically signiicant (p = 0.093). Conclusions: Patients with menopause are at increased risk of developing MS. it is important to detect MS early in this of patients, when they have one risk factor to avoid complications which may trigger the syndrome. We recommend screening for MS during perimenopause, in order to detect and try to delay it in a timely manner and recommend primary prevention (diet and exercise), or secondary prevention in cases with one or more risk factors

Influence of polyethylene glycol on in vitro gas production profiles and microbial protein synthesis of some shrub species

The aim was to determine effects of addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on in vitro gas production and microbial protein synthesis of the shrub species Acacia constricta, Acacia shaffneri, Calliandra eriophylla, Condalia lycioides, Cordia parvifolia, Larrea tridentata and Mimosa biuncifera, which are commonly consumed by grazing small ruminants in semiarid regions of Mexico despite the abundance of tannins in their foliage. Three individual samples (a minimum of 10 plants of each) of each shrub species were collected from different areas and prepared for chemical and secondary metabolite analysis. In vitro evaluations for each sample of each shrub species were completed in three incubation runs in different weeks using calibrated glass syringes in a 7 × 2 factorial design (i.e., 7 shrub species × 2 treatments with or without PEG). In vitro gas production after 24 and 96 h, partitioning factor (PF), metabolizable energy (ME) content, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EMPS), and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. A shrub species × PEG interaction (P<0.05) only occurred for some VFA, such as C3, C4, C4i and C5i, concentrations. Relative to control, addition of PEG increased (P<0.05) the concentrations of individual VFA in A. shaffneri, C. lycioides and C. parvifolia. Interactions between shrub and PEG occurred (P<0.001) for all gas production parameters (i.e., b, k, IVGP24, IVGP48). The fractional rate of gas production and IVGP24 h were highest in A. constricta and lowest (P<0.001) in A. shaffneri. L. tridentata had the highest PF and C. lycioides the lowest. A. constricta had the highest ME content. Purine content and EMPS differed (shrubs × PEG; P<0.001) among shrubs. Microbial protein synthesis was highest in M. biuncifera and lowest in C. eriophylla, while total VFA were highest in C. eriophylla. Incorporation of PEG increased (P<0.001) in vitro fermentation parameters and ME content with L. tridentata and C. lycioides being the highest. PEG also promoted reductions in the EMPS and PF values. In vitro fermentation variables such as fractional rate of gas production, VFA concentrations and EMPS support the potential of A. constricta, C. parvifolia and M. biuncifera as protein and energy sources for small ruminants in semiarid regions of North Mexico. Increments in gas production in these shrub species confirmed the affinity of PEG to bind condensed tannins and reduce EMPS

Productive and reproductive performance and metabolic profiles of ewes supplemented with hydroponically grown green wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Inclusion of high levels of concentrate in the diets of late gestation and lactating ewes to improve productive and reproductive performance is a common practice. However cost-effective alternate feeding strategies for small ruminants must be developed and evaluated in order to counteract sustainability issues of feeding them concentrate feeds (Alexandre and Mandonnet, 2005). Hydroponically grown green forages are a potential high feed quality feedstuff in arid and semiarid regions of the world (Al-Faraki and Al-Hashimi, 2012). The nutritive value and fermentative characteristics of hydroponically grown forages positively influenced the performance of late gestation and lactating ewes (Herrera et al., 2010; Gebremedhin, 2015). Earlier investigations emphasized effects of dietary quality on endocrine and metabolic profiles in ewes during pregnancy and lactation (Lemley et al., 2014; Vonnahme et al., 2013). However adequate nutritional status of ewes is associated with favorable productive and reproductive performance whereby blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) are utilized to sustain a desirable protein and energy balance in ewes during gestation and lactation (Hatfield et al., 1999). Changes in metabolic hormones, such as insulin, play an important role in metabolic adaptation to changes in body weight (BW) and body condition while providing diagnostic information to evaluate ewe nutritional status (Caldeira et al., 2007). Cortisol may be particularly important in this regard as it is the predominant glucocorticoid in sheep blood and has been used as a reliable physiological endpoint to determine ewe responses to a variety of physiological, physical and environmental stress (Moolchandani et al., 2008). A paucity of information is available with respect to the metabolic profile and performance during mating, gestation and lactation of ewes fed diets containing hydroponically grown green wheat (HGW). Thus this experiment was conducted to determine effects of replacement of dry-rolled corn (DRC) and cottonseed meal (CSM) by HGW in an oat hay-based diet on the metabolic profile as well as the productive and reproductive performance of Katahdin female lambs.Twenty six Katahdin ewes (i.e., female lambs from breeding to 2 mo of their 1st lactation) were used in a completely randomized design (13/treatment)to evaluate effects of replacement of dietary dry-rolled corn grain (DRC) and cottonseed meal(CSM) with hydroponically grown whole plant green wheat (HGW; Triticum aestivum L.) on productive parameters and blood metabolites during mating, gestation and lactation, and on body weight (BW) gain of their lambs in their 1st 60 days of age. The gestation diet contained 70% oat hay, 20% rolled corn grain and 10% cottonseed meal, while the lactation diet contained 50% oat hay, 20% DRC and 30% CSM. Treatments consisted of total replacement of DRC and CSM with HGW in the gestation diet, while in the lactation diet HGW replaced 100% of the DRC and 33% of the CSM. There were no diet effects on reproductive parameters, and substitution of DRC and CSM with HGW did not affect dry matter intake during gestation and lactation. The BW gain of the lambs that were fed HGW did not differ from controls in the first 2 months of gestation, while it was lower (P < 0.05) at the last 3 months of gestation. Feeding HGW did not affect birth BW of lambs or subsequent BW gains through 60 days of age. Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were not affected by the diets fed during gestation, but were 56% lower (P < 0.05) at day 60 of lactation. Plasma glucose was only lower (P < 0.05) at day 90 of gestation, and blood urea nitrogen was only lower (P < 0.05) at day 30 of lactation. There were no effects of diets on plasma insulin, cortisol or progesterone during gestation and lactation. Hydroponically grown green wheat is a suitable substitute for a portion of the DRC and CSM in ewes diets during gestation and lactation without negative effects

Nutritional value of Acacia amentacea and parkinsonia texana grown in semiarid conditions

In order to evaluate the nutritional value of Parkinsonia texana and Acacia amentacea, two leguminosae species of the Tamaulipan scrubland, Northeastern Mexico, two experiments were carried out: the first tested the effects of season and browse species on chemical composition as nutritional variable to small ruminants; the second tested the effect of the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on fermentation parameters. Foliage samples were collected from three sites. Data of chemical composition were analysed using analysis of variance for a bi-factorial arrangement, whereas the effect of PEG was analysed by a strip plot design. Results of chemical composition were affected by interacting factors season*species as individually they were significantly different (P<0.001). Addition of PEG affected (P<0.001) fermentation parameters. Significantly higher values of neutral detergent fibre (42%), condensed tannins (19%), purines (9 μmol), partitioning factor (PF) (6.1) and gross energy losses (GEL=6.7%) were found in A. amentacea, while P. texana gave higher crude protein (18%), in vitro true organic matter digestibility (82%), metabolisable energy (ME) [2.1 Mcal/kg dry matter (DM)], A (183 mL), c (0.07/h) and L (0.86 h). Addition of PEG increased ME, and affected (P<0.001) fermentation parameters A and c, while purines and PF decreased. Results indicate that chemical composition and fermentation parameters vary according to seasons and species. PEG addition increases the fermentation parameters, which indicates that PEG counteracts the detrimental effects of secondary components of samples. Data suggest that using both species combined could supply necessary nutritional requirements to small ruminants in the Tamaulipan scrubland

Impact of orange essential oil on enteric methane emissions of heifers fed bermudagrass hay

In this study, the effects of orange essential oil (OEO) on the rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization, and methane (CH₄) emissions of beef heifers fed a diet of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) were examined. In addition, in vitro and in situ experiments were conducted. The in vitro experiment consisted of three treatments: control (CTL, no OEO), OEO1 (0.25% OEO), and OEO2 (0.5% OEO). The forage to concentrate ratio was 70:30 (dry matter [DM] basis) in all treatments. No changes in pH, proportions of volatile fatty acids, and the acetate:propionate ratio were observed (P > 0.05). The addition of 0.25% OEO resulted in a reduction in CH₄ production (mL/g) relative to the control (P 0.05). In the in vivo study, six crossbred beef heifers (Bos indicus × Bos taurus), fitted with rumen cannulas, were assigned to three different treatments: no additive (CTL), 0.25% OEO (OEO1), and 0.5% OEO (OEO2) in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square (21-day periods). Heifers were fed at 2.8% body weight. In vivo CH₄ production was measured in open-circuit respiration chambers. Reductions in gross energy consumption, apparent total tract digestibility, and rumen valerate concentration were observed for OEO2 compared to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, decreases in CH₄ emissions (g/day; P < 0.05) and CH4 (MJ gross energy intake/day; P < 0.05) were observed in response to supplementation of 0.5% OEO as compared to the CTL treatment. Thus, supplementation of 0.5% OEO reduced CH₄ emissions (g/day) by 12% without impacting the DM intake of heifers fed bermudagrass hay as a basal ration

Effects of coffee with different roasting degrees on obesity and related metabolic disorders

This study aimed to assess the effect of unroasted, dark and very dark roasted coffee on obesity and metabolic disorders in obese rats. All coffee samples significantly reduced weight gain (∼17%) compared to obese control. Coffee reduced glucose levels (∼17%) upon a glucose tolerance test in all cases compared to the control, while fasting glucose only decreased (∼26%) with very dark coffee. Insulin levels and insulin resistance significantly decreased (∼77% and 65% respectively) with all coffee samples compared to the control. Unroasted and dark roasted coffee decreased triglycerides (∼21% and ∼ 11%, respectively), and unroasted coffee also reduced free fatty acids (∼43%) and adipocyte size. Coffee decreased liver steatosis (∼55%) and Caspase-3 levels (∼27%), regardless of the roasting degree. Overall, coffee plays a positive role in restraining obesity and related metabolic disorders but, depending on the metabolic pathway and relevant marker, an effect of roasting could be either found or not

MANUAL DE BUENAS PRÁCTICAS DE LABORATORIO

Con el objeto de entregar resultados de calidad exacta y precisa a los usuarios de nuestros servicios, se presenta el "Manual de buenas prácticas de laboratorio"; desarrollado en base al manual del Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM) de Querétaro en México. Asimismo, el documento recoge experiencias de los laboratorios de Suelos y Agua del INIA y adopta la Norma Técnica Peruana ISO/IEC 17025: 2017. El manual describe procesos de seguridad laboral, operatividad y mantenimiento de instrumentos y equipos de laboratorio, para que nuestros profesionales del INIA adopten y tengan una herramienta de consulta técnica durante el proceso de análisis y obtención de resultados en suelos, aguas y tejidos que brinda nuestra institución

Antioxidant Effect of the Ethyl Acetate Extract of <i>Potentilla indica</i> on Kidney Mitochondria of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This state may lead to an increase in oxidative stress, which contributes to the development of diabetes complications, including diabetic kidney disease. Potentilla indica is a traditional medicinal herb in Asia, employed in the treatment of several diseases, including DM. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant effect of the ethyl acetate extract of Potentilla indica both in vitro and on kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats. Firstly, phytochemicals were identified via UPLC-MS/MS, and their in vitro antioxidant capabilities were evaluated. Subsequently, male Wistar rats were assigned into four groups: normoglycemic control, diabetic control, normoglycemic treated with the extract, and diabetic treated with the extract. At the end of the treatment, fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and uric acid were estimated. Furthermore, the kidneys were removed and utilized for the determination of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activities, mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities. The in vitro findings showed that the major phytochemicals present in the extract were phenolic compounds, which exhibited a potent antioxidant activity. Moreover, the administration of the P. indica extract reduced creatinine and BUN levels, ROS production, and lipid peroxidation and improved mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activity and GSH-Px, SODk, and CAT activities when compared to the diabetic control group. In conclusion, our data suggest that the ethyl acetate extract of Potentilla indica possesses renoprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress on the kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats