Laboratory Determination of the Infrared Band Strengths of Pyrene Frozen in Water Ice: Implications for the Composition of Interstellar Ices

Broad infrared emission features (e.g., at 3.3, 6.2, 7.7, 8.6, and 11.3 microns) from the gas phase interstellar medium have long been attributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A significant portion (10%-20%) of the Milky Way's carbon reservoir is locked in PAH molecules, which makes their characterization integral to our understanding of astrochemistry. In molecular clouds and the dense envelopes and disks of young stellar objects (YSOs), PAHs are expected to be frozen in the icy mantles of dust grains where they should reveal themselves through infrared absorption. To facilitate the search for frozen interstellar PAHs, laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the positions and strengths of the bands of pyrene mixed with H2O and D2O ices. The D2O mixtures are used to measure pyrene bands that are masked by the strong bands of H2O, leading to the first laboratory determination of the band strength for the CH stretching mode of pyrene in water ice near 3.25 microns. Our infrared band strengths were normalized to experimentally determined ultraviolet band strengths, and we find that they are generally ~50% larger than those reported by Bouwman et al. based on theoretical strengths. These improved band strengths were used to reexamine YSO spectra published by Boogert et al. to estimate the contribution of frozen PAHs to absorption in the 5-8 micron spectral region, taking into account the strength of the 3.25 micron CH stretching mode. It is found that frozen neutral PAHs contain 5%-9% of the cosmic carbon budget, and account for 2%-9% of the unidentified absorption in the 5-8 micron region.Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ on 14 Feb 201

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of 4-(substituted benzylamino)-5-substituted phenyl-3-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives

A novel series of 4-(substituted benzylamino)-5-substituted phenyl-3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives were synthesized by reaction of 5-substituted phenyl-3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with different aromatic aldehydes. The structures of the compounds were synthesized and characterised by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, Mass and IR Spectra. The title compounds were investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan induced rat paw edema and acetic induced writhing test, respectively. All the test compounds exhibited significant activity, compounds IVg, IVh and IVb showed more potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard (Ibuprofen). All the test compounds were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced writhings induced by the acetic acid in mice.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of 4-(substituted benzylamino)-5-substituted phenyl-3-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives

A novel series of 4-(substituted benzylamino)-5-substituted phenyl-3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives were synthesized by reaction of 5-substituted phenyl-3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with different aromatic aldehydes. The structures of the compounds were synthesized and characterised by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, Mass and IR Spectra. The title compounds were investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan induced rat paw edema and acetic induced writhing test, respectively. All the test compounds exhibited significant activity, compounds IVg, IVh and IVb showed more potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard (Ibuprofen). All the test compounds were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced writhings induced by the acetic acid in mice.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Synthesis, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of 4-(substituted benzylamino)-5-substituted phenyl-3-amino-1,2,4-triazole derivatives

A novel series of 4-(substituted benzylamino)-5-substituted phenyl-3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives were synthesized by reaction of 5-substituted phenyl-3,4-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with different aromatic aldehydes. The structures of the compounds were synthesized and characterised by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, Mass and IR Spectra. The title compounds were investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using carrageenan induced rat paw edema and acetic induced writhing test, respectively. All the test compounds exhibited significant activity, compounds IVg, IVh and IVb showed more potent anti-inflammatory activity when compared with standard (Ibuprofen). All the test compounds were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced writhings induced by the acetic acid in mice.Colegio de Farmacéuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aire

Reduced production of bacterial membrane vesicles predicts mortality in ST45/USA600 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Immune biomarkers can stratify mortality risk in staphylococcal bacteremia. Microbial biomarkers may provide more consistent signals during early infection. We demonstrate that in ST45/USA600 bacteremia, bacterial membrane vesicle production in vitro predicts clinical mortality (773 vs. 116 RFU, survivors vs. decedents, p \u3c 0.0001). Using a threshold of 301 relative fluorescence units (RFU), the sensitivity and specificity of the membrane vesicles to predict mortality are 78% and 90%, respectively. This platform is facile, scalable and can be integrated into clinical microbiology lab workflows

Volatiles in the H2_2O and CO2_2 ices of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

ESA's Rosetta spacecraft at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) was the first mission that accompanied a comet over a substantial fraction of its orbit. On board was the ROSINA mass spectrometer suite to measure the local densities of the volatile species sublimating from the ices inside the comet's nucleus. Understanding the nature of these ices was a key goal of Rosetta. We analyzed the primary cometary molecules at 67P, namely H$_2$O and CO$_2$, together with a suite of minor species for almost the entire mission. Our investigation reveals that the local abundances of highly volatile species, such as CH$_4$ and CO, are reproduced by a linear combination of both H$_2$O and CO$_2$ densities. These findings bear similarities to laboratory-based temperature programmed desorption experiments of amorphous ices and imply that highly volatile species are trapped in H$_2$O and CO$_2$ ices. Our results do not show the presence of ices dominated by these highly volatile molecules. Most likely, they were lost due to thermal processing of 67P's interior prior to its deflection to the inner solar system. Deviations in the proportions co-released with H$_2$O and CO$_2$ can only be observed before the inbound equinox, when the comet was still far from the sun and the abundance of highly volatile molecules associated with CO$_2$ outgassing were lower. The corresponding CO$_2$ is likely seasonal frost, which sublimated and lost its trapped highly volatile species before re-freezing during the previous apparition. CO, on the other hand, was elevated during the same time and requires further investigation.Comment: This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society following peer review. The version of record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad300

Volatiles in the H2O and CO2 ices of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft at comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) was the first mission that accompanied a comet over a substantial fraction of its orbit. On board was the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis mass spectrometer suite to measure the local densities of the volatile species sublimating from the ices inside the comet’s nucleus. Understanding the nature of these ices was a key goal of Rosetta. We analysed the primary cometary molecules at 67P, namely H2O and CO2, together with a suite of minor species for almost the entire mission. Our investigation reveals that the local abundances of highly volatile species, such as CH4 and CO, are reproduced by a linear combination of both H2O and CO2 densities. These findings bear similarities to laboratory-based temperature-programmed desorption experiments of amorphous ices and imply that highly volatile species are trapped in H2O and CO2 ices. Our results do not show the presence of ices dominated by these highly volatile molecules. Most likely, they were lost due to thermal processing of 67P’s interior prior to its deflection to the inner solar system. Deviations in the proportions co-released with H2O and CO2 can only be observed before the inbound equinox, when the comet was still far from the sun and the abundance of highly volatile molecules associated with CO2 outgassing were lower. The corresponding CO2 is likely seasonal frost, which sublimated and lost its trapped highly volatile species before re-freezing during the previous apparition. CO, on the other hand, was elevated during the same time and requires further investigation

Novel SSR Markers from BAC-End Sequences, DArT Arrays and a Comprehensive Genetic Map with 1,291 Marker Loci for Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is the third most important cool season food legume, cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. The goal of this study was to develop novel molecular markers such as microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-end sequences (BESs) and diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers, and to construct a high-density genetic map based on recombinant inbred line (RIL) population ICC 4958 (C. arietinum)×PI 489777 (C. reticulatum). A BAC-library comprising 55,680 clones was constructed and 46,270 BESs were generated. Mining of these BESs provided 6,845 SSRs, and primer pairs were designed for 1,344 SSRs. In parallel, DArT arrays with ca. 15,000 clones were developed, and 5,397 clones were found polymorphic among 94 genotypes tested. Screening of newly developed BES-SSR markers and DArT arrays on the parental genotypes of the RIL mapping population showed polymorphism with 253 BES-SSR markers and 675 DArT markers. Segregation data obtained for these polymorphic markers and 494 markers data compiled from published reports or collaborators were used for constructing the genetic map. As a result, a comprehensive genetic map comprising 1,291 markers on eight linkage groups (LGs) spanning a total of 845.56 cM distance was developed (http://cmap.icrisat.ac.in/cmap/sm/cp/thudi/). The number of markers per linkage group ranged from 68 (LG 8) to 218 (LG 3) with an average inter-marker distance of 0.65 cM. While the developed resource of molecular markers will be useful for genetic diversity, genetic mapping and molecular breeding applications, the comprehensive genetic map with integrated BES-SSR markers will facilitate its anchoring to the physical map (under construction) to accelerate map-based cloning of genes in chickpea and comparative genome evolution studies in legumes