Examination of Acid-Fast Bacilli in Sputum Using Modified Light Microscope with Homemade Light Emitting Diode Additional Attachment

Typical clinical symptoms and chest X-ray is a marker of Tuberculosis (TB) sufferers. However, the diagnosis of TB in adults should be supported by microscopic examination. Currently, Bacilli microscopic examination of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum by Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) coloring is the most widely used. However, for reasons of convenience, especially for laboratories with a considerable amount of smear samples, and due to higher sensitivity compared with ZN staining, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the use of auramine-O-staining (fluorochrome  staining), which is visualized by light emitting diode (LED) fluorescence microscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of modified light microscope with homemade LED additional attachment for examination of AFB in sputum using auramine-O-staining method. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of 2 kinds of AFB in sputum methods: ZN and fluorochrome, using culture on Lowenstein-Jensen media as the gold standard. The results showed auramine-O-staining gives more proportion of positive findings (81%) compared to the ZN method (70%). These results demonstrated that the sensitivity of auramine-O-staining was higher than ZN, however it gives more potential false positive results than ZN. The sensitivity of auramine-O-staining in detecting AFB in sputum was 100% while the specificity was 88%

Perubahan Struktural Dalam Pembangunan Perkotaan

Pertumbuhan daerah kota di negra berkembang menunjukan gejala yang tidak di harapkan.untuk mengantisipasi kondisi keterbelakangan ini, daerah perkotaan haurus di dorong secara kuat untuk meningkatkan permintaan terhadap barang dan pelayanan untuk seluruh kepentingan nasional. permasalahan kota yang telah di hadapi bukan hanya persoalan keruangan dan Perubahan struktur ekonomi saja, tapi juga pembentukan implikasi sosial dan lingkungan. hal ini dapat di lihat di Bogota dengan pola dualisme sistem sosialnya, adanya pemisahan ruang antara masyarakat kaya di daerah utara dan masyarakat miskin di daerah selatan dan barat. Fenomena serupa juga di temukan di Indonesia. Jakarta yang berkembang secara cepat dengan dukungan sektor manufaktur dan keuanga, mencapai kondisi ekonomi dan pendapatan yang baik. Bagaimanapun, di Balik kondisi tersebut, ditemukan biaya yang tak terhindarkan secara nyata, yang umum muncul berupa penurunan kualitas lingkungan. Beberapa kebijaksanaan direkomendasikan adalah: (1) Meningkatkan produktivitas ekonomi wilayah kota yang terintegrasi ke dalam pembangunan regional dan pedesaan, (2) Meningkatkan produktivitas kelompok miskin perkotaan melalui perbaikan infrastruktur sosial dan perluasan kesempatan kerja, (3) Menghindari Perusakan lingkungan serta konsekwensi lainnya di sekitar wilayah masyarakat miskin, dan (4) Membangun persepsi yang seimbang terhadap pembangunan kota dan permasalahan-permasalahan yang berkaitan dengannya: pemerintah, sektor swasta, dan masyarakat

Nickel(I) Monomers and Dimers with Cyclopentadienyl and Indenyl Ligands

The reaction of (μ-Cl)_2Ni_2(NHC)_2 (NHC=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene (IPr) or 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazolidin-2-ylidene (SIPr)) with either one equivalent of sodium cyclopentadienyl (NaCp) or lithium indenyl (LiInd) results in the formation of diamagnetic NHC supported Ni^I dimers of the form (μ-Cp)(μ-Cl)Ni_2(NHC)_2 (NHC=IPr (1 a) or SIPr (1 b); Cp=C_5H_5) or (μ-Ind)(μ-Cl)Ni_2(NHC)_2 (NHC=IPr (2 a) or SIPr (2 b); Ind=C_7H_9), which contain bridging Cp and indenyl ligands. The corresponding reaction between two equivalents of NaCp or LiInd and (μ-Cl)_2Ni_2(NHC)_2 (NHC=IPr or SIPr) generates unusual 17 valence electron NiI monomers of the form (η5-Cp)Ni(NHC) (NHC=IPr (3 a) or SIPr (3 b)) or (η5-Ind)Ni(NHC) (NHC=IPr (4 a) or SIPr (4 b)), which have nonlinear geometries. A combination of DFT calculations and NBO analysis suggests that the NiI monomers are more strongly stabilized by the Cp ligand than by the indenyl ligand, which is consistent with experimental results. These calculations also show that the monomers have a lone unpaired-single-electron in their valence shell, which is the reason for the nonlinear structures. At room temperature the Cp bridged dimer (μ-Cp)(μ-Cl)Ni_2(NHC)_2 undergoes homolytic cleavage of the Ni[BOND]Ni bond and is in equilibrium with (η^5-Cp)Ni(NHC) and (μ-Cl)_2Ni_2(NHC)_2. There is no evidence that this equilibrium occurs for (μ-Ind)(μ-Cl)Ni_2(NHC)_2. DFT calculations suggest that a thermally accessible triplet state facilitates the homolytic dissociation of the Cp bridged dimers, whereas for bridging indenyl species this excited triplet state is significantly higher in energy. In stoichiometric reactions, the Ni^I monomers (η^5-Cp)Ni(NHC) or (η^5-Ind)Ni(NHC) undergo both oxidative and reductive processes with mild reagents. Furthermore, they are rare examples of active NiI precatalysts for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Complexes 1 a, 2 b, 3 a, 4 a and 4 b have been characterized by X-ray crystallography

Quaternary Organic Solar Cells Enhanced by Cocrystalline Squaraines with Power Conversion Efficiencies >10%

The incorporation of multiple donors into the bulk-heterojunction layer of organic polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated as a practical and elegant strategy to improve photovoltaics performance. However, it is challenging to successfully design and blend multiple donors, while minimizing unfavorable interactions (e.g., morphological traps, recombination centers, etc.). Here, a new Förster resonance energy transfer-based design is shown utilizing the synergistic nature of three light active donors (two small molecules and a high-performance donor–acceptor polymer) with a fullerene acceptor to create highly efficient quaternary PSCs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 10.7%. Within this quaternary architecture, it is revealed that the addition of small molecules in low concentrations broadens the absorption bandwidth, induces cocrystalline molecular conformations, and promotes rapid (picosecond) energy transfer processes. These results provide guidance for the design of multiple-donor systems using simple processing techniques to realize single-junction PSC designs with unprecedented PCEs

Quaternary Organic Solar Cells Enhanced by Cocrystalline Squaraines with Power Conversion Efficiencies >10%

The incorporation of multiple donors into the bulk-heterojunction layer of organic polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated as a practical and elegant strategy to improve photovoltaics performance. However, it is challenging to successfully design and blend multiple donors, while minimizing unfavorable interactions (e.g., morphological traps, recombination centers, etc.). Here, a new Förster resonance energy transfer-based design is shown utilizing the synergistic nature of three light active donors (two small molecules and a high-performance donor–acceptor polymer) with a fullerene acceptor to create highly efficient quaternary PSCs with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 10.7%. Within this quaternary architecture, it is revealed that the addition of small molecules in low concentrations broadens the absorption bandwidth, induces cocrystalline molecular conformations, and promotes rapid (picosecond) energy transfer processes. These results provide guidance for the design of multiple-donor systems using simple processing techniques to realize single-junction PSC designs with unprecedented PCEs

Synthesis and Reactivity of Organometallic and Coordination Complexes of Mg and Ni

The first three chapters of this thesis summarize the synthesis and reactivity of a series of Mg complexes supported by both meridinally and facially binding neutral nitrogen based ligands. Chapter 1 is a review of Grignard reagents and covers both the history and preparation of these compounds, as well as their speciation in the solid state and in solution. Additionally, contemporary chemical applications of Grignard reagents are also discussed. Chapter 2 recounts the synthesis and characterization of a series of 2,2':6',2"-Terpyridine (terpy) Mg complexes. The selective reaction of terpy with MgX2 over RMgX and R2Mg is rationalized computationally. Chapter 3 details the preparation of Mg complexes supported by Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine (Me6tren). The reactivity of organometallic complex (Me6tren)MgMe2 is further investigated with a variety of small molecules. Chapter 4 begins with a short review of Ni catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions and continues with the synthesis of a series of 1,1'-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf) supported Ni(0), (I) and (II) complexes. The catalytic activity of the compounds was tested and all precatalysts were found to be active at room temperature. The speciation of Ni during catalysis was investigated using both EPR and NMR spectroscopies and found to be predominantly Ni(I). Pathways to form Ni(I) from even electron Ni species were elucidated and found to involve comproportionation, which was also investigated computationally

Synthesis and Reactivity of Magnesium Complexes Supported by Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine (Me₆tren)

The reaction of tris­(2-dimethylaminoethyl)­amine (Me₆tren) with Grignard reagents and related Mg precursors has been investigated. Treating Me₆tren with 2 equiv of PhMgBr in diethyl ether resulted in the formation of [(Me₆tren)­MgBr]Br (<b>1</b>), in which Me₆tren is bound in a κ⁴ fashion. This is the first example of a Mg complex containing Me₆tren or a related tris­(aminoethyl)­amine ligand. In contrast, when MeMgBr was treated with either 1 or 2 equiv of Me₆tren, a mixture containing <b>1</b> and the alkyl species [(Me₆tren)­MgMe]Br (<b>3</b>) was produced. It was not possible to separate the two compounds to generate a pure sample of <b>3</b>. Reaction between Me₆tren and greater than 4 equiv of MeMgBr formed [(Me₆tren)­MgBr]₂[MgBr₄] (<b>4</b>), an analogue of <b>1</b> with a different counterion. The highly unusual dialkyl Mg compound (Me₆tren)­MgMe₂ (<b>5</b>), which features a κ³-bound Me₆tren ligand, was synthesized through the reaction of Me₂Mg with Me₆tren. The reaction of <b>5</b> with excess phenylacetylene or carbon dioxide yielded (Me₆tren)­Mg­(CCPh)₂ (<b>6</b>) and Mg­(OAc)₂, respectively, while treatment with benzylalcohol, benzylamine, 4-<i>tert</i>-butylcatechol, 4-<i>tert</i>-butylphenol, and aniline all resulted in decomposition. The addition of 1 equiv of 2,6-lutidine·HBAr^F (BAr^F = tetrakis­(3,5-bis­(trifluoromethyl)­phenyl)­borate) to <b>5</b> formed [(Me₆tren)­MgMe]­BAr^F (<b>7</b>), a rare example of a neutral ancillary ligand supported cationic monoalkyl Mg species. Compounds <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>5</b> have been crystallographically characterized

Synthesis and Reactivity of Magnesium Complexes Supported by Tris(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amine (Me₆tren)

The reaction of tris­(2-dimethylaminoethyl)­amine (Me₆tren) with Grignard reagents and related Mg precursors has been investigated. Treating Me₆tren with 2 equiv of PhMgBr in diethyl ether resulted in the formation of [(Me₆tren)­MgBr]Br (<b>1</b>), in which Me₆tren is bound in a κ⁴ fashion. This is the first example of a Mg complex containing Me₆tren or a related tris­(aminoethyl)­amine ligand. In contrast, when MeMgBr was treated with either 1 or 2 equiv of Me₆tren, a mixture containing <b>1</b> and the alkyl species [(Me₆tren)­MgMe]Br (<b>3</b>) was produced. It was not possible to separate the two compounds to generate a pure sample of <b>3</b>. Reaction between Me₆tren and greater than 4 equiv of MeMgBr formed [(Me₆tren)­MgBr]₂[MgBr₄] (<b>4</b>), an analogue of <b>1</b> with a different counterion. The highly unusual dialkyl Mg compound (Me₆tren)­MgMe₂ (<b>5</b>), which features a κ³-bound Me₆tren ligand, was synthesized through the reaction of Me₂Mg with Me₆tren. The reaction of <b>5</b> with excess phenylacetylene or carbon dioxide yielded (Me₆tren)­Mg­(CCPh)₂ (<b>6</b>) and Mg­(OAc)₂, respectively, while treatment with benzylalcohol, benzylamine, 4-<i>tert</i>-butylcatechol, 4-<i>tert</i>-butylphenol, and aniline all resulted in decomposition. The addition of 1 equiv of 2,6-lutidine·HBAr^F (BAr^F = tetrakis­(3,5-bis­(trifluoromethyl)­phenyl)­borate) to <b>5</b> formed [(Me₆tren)­MgMe]­BAr^F (<b>7</b>), a rare example of a neutral ancillary ligand supported cationic monoalkyl Mg species. Compounds <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, and <b>5</b> have been crystallographically characterized