473 research outputs found

    Étude de ligands reposant sur des ylures de N-iminoimidazolium

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    Nous allons nous intĂ©resser dans cet ouvrage Ă  l’utilisation d’ylures de N-iminoimidazolium comme proligands NHC (carbĂšne N-hĂ©tĂ©rocyclique) anionique en catalyse organomĂ©tallique. L’introduction rapporte tout d’abord les propriĂ©tĂ©s importantes des NHCs. Suite Ă  la preuve de concept rapportĂ©e par le groupe du professeur Charette en 2006, une premiĂšre famille reposant sur des ylures de Nacyliminoimidazolium (famille des acyles) a Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©e par le groupe Legault en 2013. Une nouvelle famille de pro-ligands reposant sur des ylures de N-sulfonyliminoimidazolium (familles des sulfonyles) a Ă©tĂ© synthĂ©tisĂ©e. Des complexes d’allylpalladium(II) supportant des ligands de la famille des acyles et de la famille des sulfonyles ont Ă©tĂ© synthĂ©tisĂ©s. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que les ligands issus de la famille des acyles ont permis la formation de complexes de type chĂ©late. Les complexes issus de la famille des sulfonyles ont dĂ©livrĂ© uniquement des complexes oligomĂ©riques ainsi que des complexes hĂ©tĂ©ropolymĂ©talliques. Le chapitre 1 rapporte ces rĂ©sultats. Ayant formĂ© divers complexes d’allylpalladium(II) prĂ©sentant des propriĂ©tĂ©s structurelles bien distinctes, nous avons proposĂ© d’étudier la rĂ©activitĂ© de ces diffĂ©rents complexes dans des rĂ©actions classiques de la chimie du palladium que sont la rĂ©action de Suzuki-Miyaura et la rĂ©action Tsuji-Trost. Le chapitre 2 rapporte ces rĂ©sultats. Ces Ă©tudes de rĂ©activitĂ© ont permis une plus grande comprĂ©hension du comportement des complexes en catalyse. L’introduction d’une unitĂ© NHC anionique sur un mĂ©tal a ouvert la porte Ă  une grande gamme de rĂ©activitĂ© intĂ©ressante, notamment les rĂ©actions par emprunt d’hydrogĂšne. La rĂ©action d’intĂ©rĂȘt considĂ©rĂ©e exploitant l’emprunt d’hydrogĂšne a Ă©tĂ© la rĂ©action d’alkylation d’amines par des alcools. Ainsi une librairie de complexes d’iridium(III) comportant des ligands de la famille des acyles et de la famille des sulfonyles a Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©e pour ĂȘtre Ă©valuĂ©e comme catalyseurs efficaces dans la rĂ©action d’alkylation d’amines par transfert d’hydrogĂšne. Ainsi une mĂ©thodologie permettant la formation d’amines substituĂ©es dans d’excellents rendements a Ă©tĂ© rapportĂ©e. Dans un but Ă©cologique, un procĂ©dĂ© permettant la rĂ©action dans un mĂ©dium aqueux a aussi Ă©tĂ© proposĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats de cette Ă©tude sont rapportĂ©s dans le chapitre 3. Devant le potentiel des complexes rapportĂ©s Ă  transfĂ©rer de façon formelle une molĂ©cule de dihydrogĂšne, diffĂ©rents tests ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s, notamment l’isomĂ©risation d’alcool allylique par emprunt d’hydrogĂšne. Au cours de ces tests, un intermĂ©diaire Ă©nolate d’irididum a Ă©tĂ© observĂ©. Notre Ă©tude s’est alors portĂ©e sur le piĂ©geage de cet Ă©nolate d’iridium par des dĂ©rivĂ©s d’iode(III) hypervalent permettant la formation rĂ©giosĂ©lective de cĂ©tone alpha-substituĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats sont rapportĂ©s au chapitre 4

    A simple and efficient feedback control strategy for wastewater denitrification

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    Due to severe mathematical modeling and calibration difficulties open-loop feedforward control is mainly employed today for wastewater denitrification, which is a key ecological issue. In order to improve the resulting poor performances a new model-free control setting and its corresponding "intelligent" controller are introduced. The pitfall of regulating two output variables via a single input variable is overcome by introducing also an open-loop knowledge-based control deduced from the plant behavior. Several convincing computer simulations are presented and discussed.Comment: IFAC 2017 World Congress, Toulouse, Franc

    Nickel–NHC-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of 2-Methylsulfanylbenzofurans with Alkyl Grignard Reagents

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    NiCl2(PPh3)(IPr) catalyzes cross-coupling reactions of 2-methylsulfanylbenzofurans with alkyl Grignard reagents. Other nickel complexes such as NiCl2(dppe) failed to catalyze the same reaction. The alkylation is applicable to the synthesis of a couple of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors, 3-(4-biphenylyl)-2-alkylbenzofurans

    Laser-doppler Acoustic Probing of Granular Media with Varying Water Levels

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    International audienceLaboratory physical modelling and non-contacting ultrasonic techniques are frequently proposed to tackle theoretical and method- ological issues related to geophysical prospecting. We used an innovative experimental set-up to perform laser-Doppler acoustic probing of granular materials with varying water levels to target near-surface hydrogeological applications. The preliminary results presented here show a clear influence of the water level on both first arrival times and dispersion of guided waves, and significant differences in terms of amplitudes. They validate the use of such approach to benchmark recently developed methods for water saturation detection in hydrogeophysics

    Whole-genome, deep pyrosequencing analysis of a duck influenza A virus evolution in swine cells.

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    We studied the sub-population level evolution of a duck influenza A virus isolate during passage in swine tracheal cells. The complete genomes of the A/mallard/Netherlands/10-Nmkt/1999 strain and its swine cell-passaged descendent were analysed by 454 pyrosequencing with coverage depth ranging from several hundred to several thousand reads at any point. This allowed characterization of defined minority sub-populations of gene segments 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 8 present in the original isolate. These minority sub-populations ranged between 9.5% (for segment 2) and 46% (for segment 4) of their respective gene segments in the parental stock. They were likely contributed by one or more viruses circulating within the same area, at the same period and in the same or a sympatric host species. The minority sub-populations of segments 3, 4, and 5 became extinct upon viral passage in swine cells, whereas the minority sub-populations of segments 2, 7 and 8 completely replaced their majority counterparts. The swine cell-passaged virus was therefore a three-segment reassortant and also harboured point mutations in segments 3 and 4. The passaged virus was more homogenous than the parental stock, with only 17 minority single nucleotide polymorphisms present above 5% frequency across the whole genome. Though limited here to one sample, this deep sequencing approach highlights the evolutionary versatility of influenza viruses whereby they exploit their genetic diversity, predilection for mixed infection and reassortment to adapt to a new host environmental niche.This work was supported by a grant from DEFRA and HEFCE under the Veterinary Training and Research Initiative to the Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium (VB, LT), BBSRC grants BB/H014306/1 and BB/G00479X/1 (LT), and the French Ministry of Agriculture, INRA and the French Région Midi-Pyrénées (GC, J-LG, VB).This is the accepted version of the original version available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.03

    Multichannel speech separation with recurrent neural networks from high-order ambisonics recordings

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    International audienceWe present a source separation system for high-order ambisonics (HOA) contents. We derive a multichannel spatial filter from a mask estimated by a long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network. We combine one channel of the mixture with the outputs of basic HOA beamformers as inputs to the LSTM, assuming that we know the directions of arrival of the directional sources. In our experiments, the speech of interest can be corrupted either by diffuse noise or by an equally loud competing speaker. We show that adding as input the output of the beamformer steered toward the competing speech in addition to that of the beamformer steered toward the target speech brings significant improvements in terms of word error rate

    CRNN-based joint azimuth and elevation localization with the Ambisonics intensity vector

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    International audienceWe present a source localization system for first-order Ambisonics (FOA) contents based on a stacked convolutional and recurrent neural network (CRNN). We propose to use as input to the CRNN the FOA acoustic intensity vector, which is easy to compute and closely linked to the sound direction of arrival (DoA). The system estimates the DoA of a point source in both azimuth and elevation. We conduct an experimental evaluation in configurations including reverberation, noise, and various speaker w.r.t. microphone orientations. The results show that the proposed architecture and input allow the network to return accurate location estimates in realistic conditions compared to another recent CRNN-based system

    ConseqĂŒĂšncies de la biodegradabilitat de la matĂšria orgĂ nica en les propietats fĂ­siques i quĂ­miques dels substrats

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    L'Ășs de nous materials de naturalesa orgĂ nica provinents de l'agricultura, de la indĂșstria i d'unes altres activitats humanes en la preparaciĂł de substrats per al cultiu de plantes fora del sĂČl natural requereix el coneixement de llur bioestabilitat, ja que aquesta propietat determina la variaciĂł de les caracterĂ­stiques fĂ­siques i quĂ­miques dels substrats en el decurs del temps. En una recerca conjunta duta a terme pels dos grups de recerca pertanyents als departaments de referĂšncia de l'INRA a França i de l'IRTA a Catalunya, s'ha estudiat la bioestabilitat de sis materials orgĂ nics: torba d'esfagne, compost d'escorça de pi, compost de residus verds de jardineria, compost de residus de bosc, fibra de coco i compost de fems de vacum, i alhora de set barreges binĂ ries formulades amb les matĂšries abans esmentades. Al mateix temps s'han estudiat els efectes de la bioestabilitat en la variaciĂł de les propietats fĂ­siques i quĂ­miques de tots els substrats.Considerant els Ă­ndexs de bioestabilitat respectius, les matĂšries primeres s'han classificat en tres grups: han resultat materials molt estables la fibra de coco, el compost d'escorça de pi i el compost de residus de jardineria; s'ha provat que sĂłn materials estables la torba d'esfagne i el compost de residus forestals; i, finalment, el compost de fems de vacum presenta una bioestabilitat moderada. S'hi mostra que, considerant els materials estudiats, la variaciĂł relativa de certes propietats fĂ­siques, com ara l'aigua disponible i l'aigua difĂ­cilment disponible, i tambĂ© la de certes propietats quĂ­miques, com la capacitat de bescanvi catiĂČnic, es correlacionen linealment, amb significaciĂł estadĂ­stica, amb l'Ă­ndex de bioestabilitat dels substrats estudiats en les dues localitzacions experimentals. Considerant nomĂ©s les matĂšries primeres, la regressiĂł lineal entre llur capacitat d'aireaciĂł i llur Ă­ndex de bioestabilitat presenta un coeficient de correlaciĂł tambĂ© estadĂ­sticament significatiu. Per contra, l'Ă­ndex de bioestabilEl uso de nuevos materiales de naturaleza orgĂĄnica procedentes de la agricultura, de la industria y de otras actividades humanas en la preparaciĂłn de sustratos para el cultivo de plantas fuera del suelo natural requiere el conocimiento de su bioestabilidad, ya que esta propiedad determina la variaciĂłn de las caracterĂ­sticas fĂ­sicas y quĂ­micas de los sustratos en el transcurso del tiempo. En una investigaciĂłn conjunta realizada por los dos grupos de investigaciĂłn que pertenecen a los departamentos de referencia del INRA, en Francia, y del IRTA, en Catalunya, se ha estudiado la bioestabilidad de seis materiales orgĂĄnicos: turba de esfagno, compost de corteza de pino, compost de residuos verdes de jardinerĂ­a, compost de residuos de bosque, fibra de coco y compost de estiĂ©rcol de bovino. TambiĂ©n se ha estudiado este parĂĄmetro sobre siete mezclas binarias formuladas con las primeras materias antes citadas. Igualmente, se han estudiado los efectos de la bioestabilidad en la variaciĂłn de las propiedades fĂ­sicas y quĂ­micas de todos los sustratos. Considerando los respectivos Ă­ndices de bioestabilidad, las primeras materias se han clasificado en tres grupos: materiales muy estables han resulta-do ser la fibra de coco, el compost de corteza de pino y el compost de residuos de jardinerĂ­a; materiales estables se ha probado que lo son la turba de esfagno y el compost de residuos forestales. Finalmente, el compost de estiĂ©rcol de bovino presenta una bioestabilidad moderada. Se muestra que, considerando los materiales estudiados, la variaciĂłn relativa de ciertas propiedades fĂ­sicas, como por ejemplo el agua disponible y el agua difĂ­cilmente disponible, y tambiĂ©n la de ciertas propiedades quĂ­micas, como la capacidad de intercambio catiĂłnico, se correlacionan linealmente, con significaciĂłn estadĂ­stica, con el Ă­ndice de bioestabilidad de los sustratos estudiados en las dos localizaciones experimentales. Considerando sĂłlo las primeras materias, la regresiĂłn lineal entre su capacidad
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