t(11;17)(p15;q21) NUP98/?

Review on t(11;17)(p15;q21) NUP98/?, with data on clinics, and the genes involved

Metabolomic study of patients with Non-Alcoholic SteatoHepatitis (NASH) for pathophysiological hypotheses and biomarkers discovery

La NAFLD (Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), enjeu majeur de santé publique, est la complication hépatique du syndrome métabolique. La NAFLD se caractérise par des lésions hépatiques dues à une accumulation de triglycérides dans le foie qui, associée à une inflammation, évolue vers la stéato-hépatite (NASH Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis). Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-tendant la pathogenèse et particulièrement le passage de la stéatose à la NASH sont encore mal compris. Une meilleure compréhension de la physiopathologie de la NASH est nécessaire afin d’identifier de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques et des marqueurs non invasifs pour le diagnostic et le suivi de la pathologie.Dans ce contexte, la métabolomique apparait prometteuse. La métabolomique est l'analyse de l'ensemble des métabolites dans un milieu biologique et complète les autres techniques «omics» pour l'étude des propriétés biologiques dynamiques. Ce travail a pour objectif d’utiliser l’approche métabolomique pour mettre en évidence un profil particulier chez les patients atteints de NASH afin de comprendre la physiopathologie et d’identifier de potentiels biomarqueurs. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé deux approches métabolomiques : 1/ l’approche ciblée, sur plasma, en se focalisant sur deux classes de métabolites, les acides aminés et les acides biliaires, 2/ l’approche non ciblée sur plasmas et foies humains (dont les résultats sont en attente). Dans la littérature, les acides biliaires (AB) sont étudiés en tant qu'acteurs physiopathologiques et biomarqueurs dans la NASH. Cependant, l'interprétation des résultats est compliquée par l'association étroite de la NASH avec le diabète de type 2 (DT2), la résistance à l'insuline (IR) et l'obésité, contextes métaboliques qui sont aussi associés à des variations d’AB. Nous avons donc cherché à comprendre la relation complexe entre la NASH et les concentrations d’AB, en fonction du statut DT2, et en tenant compte de l’IR et de l’obésité. Par analyses des profils d’AB dans deux cohortes (ABOS n=219, RESOLVE n=58) de patients obèses bien caractérisés (biopsies hépatiques, statut clinico-biologique, effectif élevé), nous montrons que les concentrations plasmatiques des AB sont plus élevés chez les patients NASH vs non-NASH, à la fois chez les patients DT2 et Non-DT2. Par contre, ces augmentations dépendent du degré d’IR, ce qui suggère que la NASH n'entraîne des altérations d’AB qu'en présence d'une IR avancée et indépendamment du statut diabétique.Dans la littérature, les concentrations plasmatiques d’AA à chaîne ramifiée (BCAA) sont associées avec l’obésité, l’IR et la gravité des lésions hépatiques de la NAFLD. De plus, les concentrations plasmatiques de BCAA diffèrent entre les sexes, qui présentent des susceptibilités différentes aux maladies cardiométaboliques. Nous avons évalué l’association entre les concentrations plasmatiques de BCAA et les stades de gravité de la NAFLD,indépendamment du sexe, de l’IR et de l’obésité. Dans la cohorte RESOLVE, 112 patients obèses ont été divisés en quatre groupes en fonction de la sévérité de la NAFLD, et appariés en fonction du sexe, de l'IMC, de l'IR et de l'HbA1c. Comme attendu, une corrélation positive modeste a été observée entre les concentrations de BCAA et la sévérité de la NAFLD, ainsi qu'un impact majeur du sexe sur les concentrations de BCAA. L'analyse des sous-groupes révèle que, si les concentrations plasmatiques de BCAA augmentent avec la sévérité de la NAFLD chez les femmes, elles ont tendance à diminuer chez les hommes, suggérant un impact du sexe sur la composante métabolique de la NAFLD [...]NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), a major public health issue, is considered thehepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is characterized by liver injury dueto an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which, when associated with inflammation, canprogress to steatohepatitis (NASH Non-Alcoholic Steato Hepatitis). The molecular mechanismsunderlying the pathogenesis, and particularly the transition from steatosis to NASH, are still poorly understood. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH is necessary to identify potential therapeutic targets and non-invasive markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the pathology. In this context, metabolomic approaches are promising.Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in a biological medium, and it complements other "omics" techniques for the study of dynamic biological processes. The objective of this work is to use the metabolomics approach to highlight a particular profile in NASH patients in order to understand the pathophysiology and identify potential biomarkers.For this, we have used two metabolomic approaches: 1/ the targeted approach, on plasma,focusing on two classes of metabolites, amino acids and bile acids, 2/ the non-targeted approach on human plasma and livers (results are pending).In the literature, bile acids (B A) are studied as pathophysiological actors and potential biomarkers in the context of NASH. However, interpretation of many cohort studies is complicated by the close association of NASH with type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance(IR) and obesity, which are also associated with variations in BA. We therefore sought tounderstand the complex relationship between NASH and BA concentrations, as a function ofT2D status, considering IR and obesity as confounding parameters. Through analysis of BAprofiles in two cohorts (ABOS n=219, RESOLVE n=58) of well-characterized obese patients (histological analysis of liver biopsies, clinical-biological status, well-powered statistically), weshow that plasma BA concentrations are higher in NASH vs. non-NASH patients in both T2Dand non-T2D patients. These increases are dependent on the degree of IR, suggesting that NASH causes AB alterations only in the presence of advanced IR and independently of diabetes status.In the literature, plasma levels of branched-chain AA (BCAA) are associated with obesity, IR,and severity of liver damage in NAFLD. In addition, plasma BCAA concentrations differ between genders, which display different susceptibilities to development of cardiometabolicdisease. We evaluated the association between plasma BCAA concentrations and the severity stages of NAFLD, independent of gender, IR and obesity. In the RESOLVE cohort, 112 obese patients were divided into four groups based on NAFLD severity and matched for gender, BMI,IR, and HbA1c. As expected, a modest positive correlation was observed between BCAAconcentrations and NAFLD severity, as well as a major impact of gender on BCAAconcentrations. Subgroup analysis revealed that while plasma BCAA concentrations increased with the severity of NAFLD in females, they tended to decrease in males, suggesting an impact of gender on the metabolic component of NAFLD. Analysis of other AA in the cohort reveals plasma AA alterations involved in the methionine cycle (serine, cysteine, ...), whose molecular mechanisms are being explored in mouse models. The use of metabolomics has allowed us to better characterize the complex interactions of NASH with IR and sex on BA and AA

Étude du profil métabolomique des patients atteints de stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NASH) : recherche d’hypothèses physiopathologiques et de biomarqueurs

NAFLD (Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), a major public health issue, is considered thehepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is characterized by liver injury dueto an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver which, when associated with inflammation, canprogress to steatohepatitis (NASH Non-Alcoholic Steato Hepatitis). The molecular mechanismsunderlying the pathogenesis, and particularly the transition from steatosis to NASH, are still poorly understood. A better understanding of the pathophysiology of NASH is necessary to identify potential therapeutic targets and non-invasive markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the pathology. In this context, metabolomic approaches are promising.Metabolomics is the comprehensive analysis of metabolites in a biological medium, and it complements other "omics" techniques for the study of dynamic biological processes. The objective of this work is to use the metabolomics approach to highlight a particular profile in NASH patients in order to understand the pathophysiology and identify potential biomarkers.For this, we have used two metabolomic approaches: 1/ the targeted approach, on plasma,focusing on two classes of metabolites, amino acids and bile acids, 2/ the non-targeted approach on human plasma and livers (results are pending).In the literature, bile acids (B A) are studied as pathophysiological actors and potential biomarkers in the context of NASH. However, interpretation of many cohort studies is complicated by the close association of NASH with type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance(IR) and obesity, which are also associated with variations in BA. We therefore sought tounderstand the complex relationship between NASH and BA concentrations, as a function ofT2D status, considering IR and obesity as confounding parameters. Through analysis of BAprofiles in two cohorts (ABOS n=219, RESOLVE n=58) of well-characterized obese patients (histological analysis of liver biopsies, clinical-biological status, well-powered statistically), weshow that plasma BA concentrations are higher in NASH vs. non-NASH patients in both T2Dand non-T2D patients. These increases are dependent on the degree of IR, suggesting that NASH causes AB alterations only in the presence of advanced IR and independently of diabetes status.In the literature, plasma levels of branched-chain AA (BCAA) are associated with obesity, IR,and severity of liver damage in NAFLD. In addition, plasma BCAA concentrations differ between genders, which display different susceptibilities to development of cardiometabolicdisease. We evaluated the association between plasma BCAA concentrations and the severity stages of NAFLD, independent of gender, IR and obesity. In the RESOLVE cohort, 112 obese patients were divided into four groups based on NAFLD severity and matched for gender, BMI,IR, and HbA1c. As expected, a modest positive correlation was observed between BCAAconcentrations and NAFLD severity, as well as a major impact of gender on BCAAconcentrations. Subgroup analysis revealed that while plasma BCAA concentrations increased with the severity of NAFLD in females, they tended to decrease in males, suggesting an impact of gender on the metabolic component of NAFLD. Analysis of other AA in the cohort reveals plasma AA alterations involved in the methionine cycle (serine, cysteine, ...), whose molecular mechanisms are being explored in mouse models. The use of metabolomics has allowed us to better characterize the complex interactions of NASH with IR and sex on BA and AA.La NAFLD (Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease), enjeu majeur de santé publique, est la complication hépatique du syndrome métabolique. La NAFLD se caractérise par des lésions hépatiques dues à une accumulation de triglycérides dans le foie qui, associée à une inflammation, évolue vers la stéato-hépatite (NASH Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis). Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-tendant la pathogenèse et particulièrement le passage de la stéatose à la NASH sont encore mal compris. Une meilleure compréhension de la physiopathologie de la NASH est nécessaire afin d’identifier de potentielles cibles thérapeutiques et des marqueurs non invasifs pour le diagnostic et le suivi de la pathologie.Dans ce contexte, la métabolomique apparait prometteuse. La métabolomique est l'analyse de l'ensemble des métabolites dans un milieu biologique et complète les autres techniques «omics» pour l'étude des propriétés biologiques dynamiques. Ce travail a pour objectif d’utiliser l’approche métabolomique pour mettre en évidence un profil particulier chez les patients atteints de NASH afin de comprendre la physiopathologie et d’identifier de potentiels biomarqueurs. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé deux approches métabolomiques : 1/ l’approche ciblée, sur plasma, en se focalisant sur deux classes de métabolites, les acides aminés et les acides biliaires, 2/ l’approche non ciblée sur plasmas et foies humains (dont les résultats sont en attente). Dans la littérature, les acides biliaires (AB) sont étudiés en tant qu'acteurs physiopathologiques et biomarqueurs dans la NASH. Cependant, l'interprétation des résultats est compliquée par l'association étroite de la NASH avec le diabète de type 2 (DT2), la résistance à l'insuline (IR) et l'obésité, contextes métaboliques qui sont aussi associés à des variations d’AB. Nous avons donc cherché à comprendre la relation complexe entre la NASH et les concentrations d’AB, en fonction du statut DT2, et en tenant compte de l’IR et de l’obésité. Par analyses des profils d’AB dans deux cohortes (ABOS n=219, RESOLVE n=58) de patients obèses bien caractérisés (biopsies hépatiques, statut clinico-biologique, effectif élevé), nous montrons que les concentrations plasmatiques des AB sont plus élevés chez les patients NASH vs non-NASH, à la fois chez les patients DT2 et Non-DT2. Par contre, ces augmentations dépendent du degré d’IR, ce qui suggère que la NASH n'entraîne des altérations d’AB qu'en présence d'une IR avancée et indépendamment du statut diabétique.Dans la littérature, les concentrations plasmatiques d’AA à chaîne ramifiée (BCAA) sont associées avec l’obésité, l’IR et la gravité des lésions hépatiques de la NAFLD. De plus, les concentrations plasmatiques de BCAA diffèrent entre les sexes, qui présentent des susceptibilités différentes aux maladies cardiométaboliques. Nous avons évalué l’association entre les concentrations plasmatiques de BCAA et les stades de gravité de la NAFLD,indépendamment du sexe, de l’IR et de l’obésité. Dans la cohorte RESOLVE, 112 patients obèses ont été divisés en quatre groupes en fonction de la sévérité de la NAFLD, et appariés en fonction du sexe, de l'IMC, de l'IR et de l'HbA1c. Comme attendu, une corrélation positive modeste a été observée entre les concentrations de BCAA et la sévérité de la NAFLD, ainsi qu'un impact majeur du sexe sur les concentrations de BCAA. L'analyse des sous-groupes révèle que, si les concentrations plasmatiques de BCAA augmentent avec la sévérité de la NAFLD chez les femmes, elles ont tendance à diminuer chez les hommes, suggérant un impact du sexe sur la composante métabolique de la NAFLD [...

Leucocytosis-induced plasma hyperkalaemia in samples conveyed by a pneumatic transport system: tips and tricks

[no abstract available

Leukocytosis interference in clinical chemistry: shall we still interpret test results without hematological data?

Background: Extreme leukocytosis is known to induce remarkable variations of some clinical chemistry tests, thus leading to possible clinical misinterpretation. This study aimed to define whether also moderate leukocytosis may influence the stability of glucose and blood gases. Methods: Blood samples are sent to the local laboratory through a pneumatic tube system. Clinical chemistry testing is routinely performed using Lithium-heparin tubes (for glucose) and heparin blood gases syringes (for blood gas analysis). Stability of glucose (in uncentrifuged blood tubes) and blood gases (in syringes) was hence evaluated in samples maintained at room temperature. Results were also analyzed in 2 subgroups of samples with different leukocyte counts, i.e., those with leukocytes <15 7 109/L and those with leukocytes >15 7 109/L. Results: An accelerated decrease of pH was observed in blood gases syringes with leukocytosis (i.e., >15 7 109/L), while no difference was noted for other blood gases parameters (PCO2, PO2). Spurious and time-dependent hypoglycemia was noted in uncentrifuged blood tubes of patients with leukocytosis. Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that even modest leukocytosis (i.e., around 15 7 109/L), which is frequently encountered in clinical and laboratory practice, may be associated with significant variations of both glucose and pH. This would lead us to conclude that results of these parameters shall be accompanied by those of hematologic testing to prevent clinical misinterpretation, namely with leukocyte counts

Etat des lieux sur la physiopathologie, le diagnostic et les traitements de la stéato-hépatite non alcoolique (NASH)

International audienceNAFLD or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the complications of obesity and diabetes, the prevalence of which is increasing. The causes of the pathology and its development towards its severe form, NASH or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, are multiple and still poorly understood. Many different pharmacological classes are being tested in clinical trials to treat NASH, but no pharmaceutical treatment is currently on the market. Moreover, the diagnosis of certainty is only possible by liver biopsy and histological analysis, an invasive procedure with high risk for the patient. It is therefore necessary to better understand the natural history of the disease in order to identify therapeutic targets, but also to identify markers for the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease using a blood sample, which will allow an improvement in patient management.La NAFLD ou maladie du foie gras non alcoolique est une des complications de l'obésité et du diabète dont la prévalence augmente fortement. Les causes de la pathologie et de son développement vers sa forme sévère, la NASH ou stéato-hépatite non alcoolique, sont multiples et encore mal comprises. De nombreuses classes pharmacologiques différentes sont en cours d'essais cliniques pour traiter la NASH, mais aucun médicament n'existe actuellement sur le marché. De plus, le diagnostic de certitude n'est possible que par ponction d'une biopsie hépatique et analyse histologique, geste invasif et de haut risque pour le patient. Il apparait donc nécessaire de mieux comprendre l'histoire naturelle de la maladie afin d'identifier des cibles thérapeutiques, mais également d'identifier des marqueurs pour le diagnostic et le suivi de la pathologie à l'aide d'un prélèvement sanguin, qui permettront une amélioration de la prise en charge des patients

Title: Bile acid alterations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes: what do the human studies tell?

International audienceDisclosure: The authors declare no conflict of interest. 2 Abstract Purpose of review: To discuss the influence of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on bile acid (BA) metabolism and analyze whether these findings reinforce current beliefs about the role of BAs in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Recent findings: Discordant results on plasma BA alterations in NAFLD patients have been reported. Obesity, insulin resistance and T2D, common co-morbidities of NAFLD, have been associated with BA changes, but the individual BA species variations differ between studies (summarized in this review), perhaps due to clinico-biological differences between the studied patient populations and the heterogeneity of statistical analyses applied. Summary: The regulatory role of BAs in metabolic and cellular homeostasis render BAs attractive candidates as players in the pathophysiology of NAFLD. However, considering the comple

Pneumatic tube system transport and false hyperkalemia related to leukocytosis: a retrospective analysis

Extreme leukocytosis may lead to false hyperkalemia when blood samples are conveyed by pneumatic tube system (PTS). The aim of this study was to define whether even moderate leukocytosis and also non malignancy cells like neutrophils may influence potassium values after PTS transportation. Materials and methods. Uncentrifuged blood samples are sent to the local laboratory through PTS. Data were retrospectively collected from routine testing carried out on all specimens arrived in the laboratory between September 2017 and March 2018. Clinical chemistry testing is routinely performed using lithium-heparin tubes. When false hyperkalemia induced by leukocytosis is suspected, potassium measurement is then performed in serum (clotting activator tubes) or whole blood samples. The analysis was focused on samples with both leukocytosis (i.e., >15 x 10(9)/L) and plasma potassium >5.0 mmol/L, before any corrective therapeutic measure to lower potassium levels was established. Results. A total number of 18 samples were included in our analysis, 9 drawn from patients with hematologic malignancies and 9 without. In the 9 patients without hematologic malignancies (median leukocyte count, 20.4 x 10(9)/L), the median potassium value was 5.4 mmol/L in plasma and 4.5 mmol/L in serum or whole blood. In the 9 patients with hematologic malignancies (median leukocyte count, 151.9 x 10(9)/L; p <0.001), the median potassium value was 7.7 mmol/L in plasma and 4.3 mmol/L in serum or whole blood (median difference, 2.9 mmol/L; p <0.001). Conclusion. The results of our study suggest that even modest leukocytosis (i.e., around 15x10(9)/L), which can be frequently encountered in clinical practice, may be associated with a significant variation of plasma potassium. This would lead us to conclude that plasma samples transportation by PTS should be avoided in patients with even mild leukocytosis

Plasma Methionine and Clinical Severity in Nitrous Oxide Consumption

In the last few years, there has been an increase in the recreational use of nitrous oxide (N2O), which can lead to neurological symptoms such as sensory or motor disorders. The literature links these symptoms to a functional inactivation of vitamin B12 by oxidation of its cobalt ion, which prevents the vitamin B12 from acting as a cofactor for methionine synthase. Thus, demyelination related to methionine deficiency could be responsible for the neurological disorders associated with N2O consumption, including the combined sclerosis of the spinal cord. We aimed to study the correlation between the plasma methionine levels and clinical severity observed in N2O users. We retrospectively collected clinical and biological data from 93 patients who chronically consumed N2O. The patients were divided into four groups based of the severity of their clinical symptoms (based on their Peripheral Neuropathy Disability (PND) score). The plasma amino acids measurement, including methionine, were performed systematically by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Plasma methionine is significantly correlated with the clinical severity (Spearman coefficient: −0.42; p-value −5), however, the average methionine level in the four groups is within the physiological values (N: 16–23 µmol/L). There is a significant inverse correlation between plasma methionine and homocysteine (Spearman coefficient: −0.57; p-value −9), which confirms the action of nitrous oxide on the methionine synthase. A decrease in plasma methionine cannot be imputed as the only mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of the neurological disorders in nitrous oxide consumption. In addition, there are few therapeutic indications for the use of methionine. Thus, we should be careful concerning the potential use of methionine in nitrous oxide consumption. As a consequence, other pathophysiological mechanisms probably need to be identified in order to find potential therapeutic targets

Albumin-adjusted calcium and ionized calcium for assessing calcium status in hospitalized patients

Albumin-Adjusted Calcium and Ionized Calcium for Assessing Calcium Status in Hospitalized Patients