Three component laser Doppler measurements in an axisymmetric jet

A three-component laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) was used to acquire a detailed set of three-dimensional mean and fluctuating velocity measurements in a low-speed air jet entering a stagnant ambient, over the first 20 jet exit diameters along the jet trajectory. These data are physically consistent with previous measurements in axisymmetric jets. The relative difficulty of obtaining three-dimensional and two-dimensional LDA data is briefly discussed

The role of interaction vertices in bound state calculations

In recent studies of the one and two-body Greens' function for scalar interactions it was shown that crossed ladder and ``crossed rainbow'' (for the one-body case) exchanges play a crucial role in nonperturbative dynamics. In this letter we use exact analytical and numerical results to show that the contribution of vertex dressings to the two-body bound state mass for scalar QED are cancelled by the self-energy and wavefunction normalization. This proves, for the first time, that the mass of a two-body bound state given by the full theory can in a very good approximation be obtained by summing only ladder and crossed ladder diagrams using a bare vertex and a constant dressed mass. We also discuss the implications of the remarkable cancellation between rainbow and crossed rainbow diagrams that is a feature of one-body calculations.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Dispelling the Myth that Law Students Can Close the Justice Gap

Recently, the idea that law students can bridge the “justice gap,” understood here as both the inability of low-income Americans to obtain civil legal services and the inadequacy of representation by overworked public defenders in criminal cases, has been gaining in popularity. This growing trend is embodied in the pro bono requirements imposed on bar applicants in a growing number of states. This Essay argues that the idea that law students can make a “significant” contribution to closing the existing justice gap overestimates the number of law students currently enrolled in our nation’s law schools and underestimates the volume of low-income Americans in need of legal services

Network-based stratification of tumor mutations.

Many forms of cancer have multiple subtypes with different causes and clinical outcomes. Somatic tumor genome sequences provide a rich new source of data for uncovering these subtypes but have proven difficult to compare, as two tumors rarely share the same mutations. Here we introduce network-based stratification (NBS), a method to integrate somatic tumor genomes with gene networks. This approach allows for stratification of cancer into informative subtypes by clustering together patients with mutations in similar network regions. We demonstrate NBS in ovarian, uterine and lung cancer cohorts from The Cancer Genome Atlas. For each tissue, NBS identifies subtypes that are predictive of clinical outcomes such as patient survival, response to therapy or tumor histology. We identify network regions characteristic of each subtype and show how mutation-derived subtypes can be used to train an mRNA expression signature, which provides similar information in the absence of DNA sequence

The Right To Counsel But Not The Presence of Counsel: A Survey of State Criminal Procedures For Pre-Trial Release

There is a widely-held belief that the state provides counsel to indigent criminal defendants at their initial appearance in state court. However, the majority of states do not provide counsel to indigent defendants at their initial appearance when a judicial officer determines conditions of pretrial release. State criminal procedure codes fail to provide the same procedural protections that defendants have in federal court. Indeed, states systems are characterized by predictive determinations regarding guilt, an overemphasis on the potential dangerousness of defendants, a lack of adequate pretrial services, and continued reliance on financial securities. The U.S. Supreme Court has done little to protect the constitutional rights of indigent criminal defendants when they initially appear before a judicial officer that has the power to restrict their liberty, despite the fact that the setting of bail implicates an indigent defendant’s right to counsel under the Sixth Amendment and the right to due process and equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court has never found the setting of bail to be a critical stage of the proceedings that would require the presence of counsel or discussed what procedural safeguards should be in place to protect the rights of indigent defendants. These failures may contribute to rising rates of pretrial incarceration, a trend that the Court should take steps to reverse by finding a right to counsel at an indigent defendant’s initial appearance where a judicial officer has the power to place restrictions on their liberty

The Effect of Norethandrolone on the Liver microsomal Enzyme which Demethylates Aminopyrine

With the introduction of numerous and more complex drugs in medicine annually, the metabolism of drugs by liver microsomal enzymes and factors influencing their metabolism has become a subject of increasing interest. A variety of drugs are metabolized by enzyme systems located in liver microsomes (1). Reactions catalyzed by these enzymes include N-dealkylation, deamination, aromatic hydroxylation, ether cleavage, alkyl chain oxidation, azo link cleavage, sulfoxide formation, and glucuronide formation. The report that 3’-methyl -4- dimethylaminazobenzene, a potent liver carcinogen, did not cause hepatomas in rats when administrated with 3-methylcholanthrene (2) stimulated early investigations to study the effects of various chemical compounds on drug metabolizing enzymes found in liver microsomes. Since this first investigation numerous studies have been done with a variety of drugs in an effort to obtain information concerning the mechanism involved in drug potentiation and synergism. The ability is paralleled in vivo by an accelerated rate of drug metabolism and by a shortened duration of drug action. The results of this study may be useful in the final evaluation of the mechanism of action and norethandrolone and similar compounds

Case Refusal: A Right for the Public Defender But Not a Remedy for the Defendant

Various arguments have been made to explain why public defenders continue to handle excessive caseloads: a lack of independence, organizational culture, or ethical blindness among them. All of these arguments are based on the idea that a public defender elects to labor under an excessive caseload either because they do not see it as excessive or because they realize it is but believe a refusal will lead to adverse consequences for themselves. In this essay, I argue that the decision to maintain an excessive caseload may not always be attributable to self- interest on the part of the public defender, but can be motivated by a concern for the welfare of prospective clients. The possibility that case refusal will result in prospective clients receiving no representation, the poor quality of alternative counsel, and the lack of any meaningful remedy for defendants who are denied representation creates a situation where representation by a public defender with an excessive caseload can be seen as the defendant’s best option