Giustizia costituzionale e Stati decentri. L’esperienza della Corte Costituzionale

1. Federalismo, regionalismo e giustizia costituzionale. – 2. Il giudizio in via principale dopo la riforma del Titolo V. – 3. Il ruolo della Corte costituzionale italiana nell’evoluzione dello Stato regionale. 3.1. La giurisprudenza precedente alla riforma costituzionale del 2001 (cenni). 3.2. L’incremento quantitativo delle questioni in via principale dopo la riforma del Titolo V. 3.3. Gli strumenti a garanzia del principio unitario nella giurisprudenza costituzionale sul nuovo Titolo V. 3.4. Conseguenze: lo svuotamento della competenza legislativa regionale. 3.5. Prospettive: la Corte costituzionale garante del principio di lealtà. ________________________________________ La justícia constitucional és un element indispensable en tots els estats compostos per tal de, entre altres funcions, garantir el respecte al repartiment de competències. L’autora comença analitzant aquest paper de la justícia constitucional en els estats compostos i passa immediatament a estudiar el paper que ha tingut a Itàlia, partint de l’anàlisi dels processos constitucionals i del seu pes en la pràctica. Fixant com a punt de referència la darrera reforma del títol V l’any 2001, l’autora analitza quin havia estat fins llavors el paper de la Corte Costituzionale i quin ha estat aquest paper amb posterioritat a la reforma, que va voler reforçar el poder legislatiu de les regions però que, en la pràctica, no ha aconseguit variar substancialment la situació anterior. Finalment, l’autora teoritza sobre quin ha de ser el paper de la Corte en el futur immediat.In this article, ihe author analyzes whether and to what extent, the 2001 reform of the Italian Constitution, aimed at enhancing regional legislative power, had any impact upon the role of the Italian constitutional court (Corte Costituzionale) as a mechanism to warrant the distribution of powers between the regions and central institutions. In this sense, the author starts by providing a general picture of the role of constitutional courts in federal and decentralized systems. Secondly, she analyzes the roles played by the constitutional court up to and after the 2001 reform. Finally the author discusses what should be the role of the court in the most immediate future.La justícia constitucional és un element indispensable en tots els estats compostos per tal de, entre altres funcions, garantir el respecte al repartiment de competències. L’autora comença analitzant aquest paper de la justícia constitucional en els estats compostos i passa immediatament a estudiar el paper que ha tingut a Itàlia, partint de l’anàlisi dels processos constitucionals i del seu pes en la pràctica. Fixant com a punt de referència la darrera reforma del títol V l’any 2001, l’autora analitza quin havia estat fins llavors el paper de la Corte Costituzionale i quin ha estat aquest paper amb posterioritat a la reforma, que va voler reforçar el poder legislatiu de les regions però que, en la pràctica, no ha aconseguit variar substancialment la situació anterior. Finalment, l’autora teoritza sobre quin ha de ser el paper de la Corte en el futur immediat

Lo stato regionale italiano nel XXI secolo, tra globalizzazione e crisi economica

L’article tracta de l’evolució del regionalisme a Itàlia, des de la seva creació mitjançant l’Assemblea constituent de l’any 1947, fins a la recent reforma constitucional, aprovada pel Senat el 8 d’agost de 2014. Es posa en relleu l’existència de tres fases de descentralització, cadascuna de les quals ha anat seguida d’una fase en sentit invers. Tot i que l’any 2001 es va adoptar un model “quasi federal”, des d’aleshores aquest model institucional s’ha anat buidant pel legislador estatal i per la jurisprudència constitucional, i s’ha anat derivant cap a un procés de recentralització, especialment agreujat a partir del 2008 en què va esclatar la crisi econòmica. Aquest procés ha fet palès que la revisió constitucional de 2001 havia dissenyat un sistema de govern quasi-federal que no era adequat per la societat italiana que, en lloc de més autonomia regional, només demanava una bona governança a tots els nivells de govern. La reforma de 2014 sembla anar en aquesta direcció, vers un “neoregionalisme” consistent principalment en una descentralització administrativa regional

Travelling waves in a mixture of gases with bimolecular reversible reactions

Starting from the kinetic approach for a mixture of reacting gases whose particles interact through elastic scattering and a bimolecular reversible chemical reaction, the equations that govern the dynamics of the system are obtained by means of the relevant Boltzmann-like equation. Conservation laws are considered. Fluid dynamic approximations are used at the Euler level to obtain a close set of PDEs for six unknown macroscopic fields. The dispersion relation of the mixture of reacting gases is explicitly derived in the homogeneous equilibrium state. A set of ODE that governs the propagation of a plane travelling wave is obtained using the Galilei invariance. After numerical integration some solutions, including the well-known Maxwellian and the hard spheres cases, are found for various meaningful interaction laws. The main macroscopic observables for the gas mixture such as the drift velocity, temperature, total density, pressure and its chemical composition are shown.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, accepted on Physica

Oil Spill Detection Analyzing “Sentinel 2“ Satellite Images: A Persian Gulf Case Study

Oil spills near exploitation areas and oil loading ports are often related to the ambitions of governments to get more oil market share and the negligence at the time of the loading in large tankers or ships. The present study investigates one oil spill event using multi sensor satellite images in the Al Khafji (between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia) zone. Oil slicks have been characterized with multi sensor satellite images over the Persian Gulf and then analyzed in order to detect and classify oil spills in this zone. In particular this paper discusses oil pollution detection in the Persian Gulf by using multi sensor satellite images data. Oil spill images have been selected by using Sentinel 2 images pinpointing oil spill zones. ENVI software for analysing satellite images and ADIOS (Automated Data Inquiry for Oil Spills) for oil weathering modelling have been used. The obtained results in Al Khafji zone show that the oil spill moves towards the coastline firstly increasing its surface and then decreasing it until reaching the coastline

R CrA SMM1A: Fragmentation in A Prestellar Core

We report the discovery of multiple condensations in the prestellar core candidate SMM1A in the R~CrA cloud, which may represent the earliest phase of core fragmentation observed thus far. The separation between the condensations is between 1000 and 2100 AU, and their masses range from about 0.1 to 0.2 M_sun. We find that the three condensations have extremely low bolometric luminosities (< 0.1 L_sun) and temperatures (< 20 K), indicating that these are young sources that have yet to form protostars. We suggest that these sources were formed through the fragmentation of an elongated prestellar core. Our results, in concert with other observed protostellar binary systems with separations in the scale of 1000 AU, support the scenario that prompt fragmentation in the isothermal collapse phase is an efficient mechanism for wide binary star formation, while the fragmentation in the subsequent adiabatic phase may be an additional mechanism for close (< 100 AU) binary star formation.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, to be published by ApJ Letter

Qualitative analysis of kinetic-based models for tumor-immune system interaction

A mathematical model, based on a mesoscopic approach, describing the competition between tumor cells and immune system in terms of kinetic integro-differential equations is presented. Four interacting populations are considered, representing, respectively, tumors cells, cells of the host environment, cells of the immune system, and interleukins, which are capable to modify the tumor-immune system interaction and to contribute to destroy tumor cells. The internal state variable (activity) measures the capability of a cell of prevailing in a binary interaction. Under suitable assumptions, a closed set of autonomous ordinary differential equations is then derived by a moment procedure and two three-dimensional reduced systems are obtained in some partial quasi-steady state approximations. Their qualitative analysis is finally performed, with particular attention to equilibria and their stability, bifurcations, and their meaning. Results are obtained on asymptotically autonomous dynamical systems, and also on the occurrence of a particular backward bifurcation