Understanding the adsorption of salmon calcitonin, antimicrobial peptide AP114 and polymyxin B onto lipid nanocapsules

The adsorption of therapeutic molecules, e.g., peptides, onto nanocarriers is influenced by the properties of the carrier, adsorbed molecule and continuous phase. Hence, through changes in the composition of the nanocarrier and the medium, it should be possible to tune the system to make it capable of efficiently adsorbing peptides. The adsorption of calcitonin, antimicrobial peptide AP114 and polymyxin B onto lipid nanocapsules was investigated. The adsorption data were fitted to a Langmuir isotherm. Dynamic light scattering and laser Doppler velocimetry were used to investigate the changes in the hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential, respectively, of the nanocarrier. The peptide adsorption was primarily governed by electrostatic forces; however, even without the presence of an ionisable surfactant, a significant amount of each tested molecule was adsorbed due to the enormous surface area of the nanocarriers and to peptide-nanocarrier interactions. The addition of an ionisable lipophilic surfactant, lecithin, improved the adsorption yield, which reached values of up to 100%. The adsorption yield and the properties of the nanocarrier, particularly the zeta potential, depended on the carrier and peptide concentrations and their mixing ratio. The adsorption of all tested molecules obeyed the Langmuir model over a limited concentration range

The expansion of the United Front under Xi Jinping

Gerry Groo

Professor G.T.S. Eiselen

In 1957 het daar reeds, uit die penvan prof. J. Chr. Coetzee, ’n lewenskets verskyn van die man na wie deur sowel sy studente as sy junior kollegas met toegeneëntheid as prof Eisie verwys word

FUTURE INTERESTS - TAXATION - EVIDENCE - PRESUMPTION AS TO THE POSSIBILITY OF A WOMAN BEARING CHILDREN

Testatrix, a resident of Massachusetts, set up a trust of her residuary estate for her two daughters, the principal to be paid to their issue, but if either should die without issue, her share to be paid to certain named charities. On probate, the remainder to charity was held to be void. The income tax law of Massachusetts imposed a three per cent levy on income accumulated for contingent future interests, but exempted from taxation certain interests of nonresidents, including vested remainders not subject to being divested. The daughters, nonresidents, contended that their interests should not be taxed as contingent and introduced evidence before the appellate tax board to show that they were unmarried and had never borne issue, that one of them was sixty-two years of age, that the other was fifty-two years old and had undergone a surgical operation which made it impossible for her to bear children. Held, for the purpose of the income tax statute, it is permissible to introduce medical evidence to rebut the presumption that a woman is always capable of bearing issue. Commissioner of Corporations and Taxation v. Bullard, (Mass. 1943) 46 N.E. (2d) 557

Commerical airlines and the grooved runway concept

Commercial airlines and grooved runway concep

Die Romeins-Hollandse reg na 300 jaar gehandhaaf en versterk

„Driemaal het Rome aan die wêreld wette gedikteer, driemaal die volkere tot eenheid verbind”— met hierdie woorde begin een van die beroemdste juriste van die 19de eeu sy ewe beroemde werk oor „Die gees van die Romeinse reg”—„die eerste keer, toe die Romeinse volk nog in die volheid van sy krag gestaan het, tot eenheid van staat, die tweede keer, toe hy reeds ondergegaan was, tot eenheid van kerk, die derde keer, as gevolg van die resepsie van die Romeinse reg in die Middeleeue, tot eenheid van reg; die eerste keer met geweld van buite deur die mag van wapens, die ander twee keer deur die mag van die gees

Mucus models to evaluate nanomedicines for diffusion

In the fast-growing field of nanomedicine, mucus is often the first barrier encountered by drug products in the body, and can be the only barrier if it is not overcome by the drug delivery system. Thus, there is a need to design new nanomedicines that are able to diffuse easily across mucus to reach their pharmacological targets. In this design process, mucus diffusion studies are mandatory and have an important role in the selection of the best drug candidates. However, there is currently no standard procedure for diffusion studies across mucus. In this Foundation Review, we discuss the differences observed within mucus models and experimental protocols in diffusion studies, with an emphasis on nanomedicine diffusion

Lipid-based nanoformulations for peptide delivery

Nanoformulations have attracted a lot of attention because of their size-dependent properties. Among the array of nanoformulations, lipid nanoformulations (LNFs) have evoked increasing interest because of the advantages of their high degree of biocompatibility and versatility. The performance of lipid nanoformulations is greatly influenced by their composition and structure. Therapeutic peptides represent a growing share of the pharmaceutical market. However, the main challenge for their development into commercial products is their inherent physicochemical and biological instability. Important peptides such as insulin, calcitonin and cyclosporin A have been incorporated into LNFs. The association or encapsulation of peptides within lipid-based carriers has shown to protect the labile molecules against enzymatic degradation. This review describes strategies used for the formulation of peptides and some methods used for the assessment of association efficiency. The advantages and drawbacks of such carriers are also described

Double Vision: Encountering Early Ethnographic Films in the Digital Archive

In 1908, Georg Thilenius, director of the Hamburg Museum für Völkerkunde, sent a group of researchers on an expedition to the then-German colonies in Melanesia and Micronesia. The team was also equipped with a film camera. In comparison to the several thousand photographs, sketches, and notes the quantity of film produced was very low: only around eleven minutes could be shot on 35mm footage. This footage, transferred to 16mm film in the 1940s and digitised in 2018-19, is analysed both as an event of early ethnographic filmmaking and as a specific archival object: to date the object biography of the Hamburg films shows significant changes of their materiality and no less important ruptures concerning their preserving archives. This featurette raises questions about the significance of film recordings for ethnographic research, the role of archives and museums in their preservation or digitisation, and, not least, their entanglement in German colonial politics. It reconstructs the object biography of the Hamburg films based on signatures, inventory lists, and descriptions of the expedition members to shed light on this entanglement and to question its status as an archival object. In doing so it argues for a relational understanding of ethnographic filmmaking and its preservation that accounts for the responsibilities, constraints, and different interests of the people and institutions involved in capturing, distributing, and transforming moving images into an archival object. &nbsp