Effects of Exercise on Glycemic Response after Consumption of Monster Energy

Energy drinks have been anecdotally associated with deleterious cardiovascular health outcomes. These drinks contain ingredients, including but not limited to caffeine, which could affect glycemic response to the carbohydrate ingredients in the drink. Exercise alters insulin sensitivity and could be a factor related to the response to acute energy drink response. The aim of this study was to determine if acute exercise would alter the glycemic and physiological response to the consumption of Monster Energy ©. Following an overnight fast, human subjects (age 19.11±1.39; 30 female; 5 male) were randomized to exercise on a stationary bike at 33% of their predicted VO2 max for 10 minutes with a five minute sitting rest after, or sitting (control) for five minutes prior to ingestion of Monster Energy. Blood glucose, heart rate, and blood pressure were measured 0-, 30-, 60- , and 90-minutes postprandially. Data is represented as LSM ± SE with significance analyzed using a t-test, or multiple comparison test. Significance is assumed when P\u3c 0.05. Blood glucose (mg/dL) for control at 0-, 30-, 60-, and 90-minutes 91.58±1.2, 133.7±4.29, 96.3±4.17, and 82.4±1.82 mg/dL, respectively. For those receiving bike exercise prior to ingestion blood glucose was 92.2±1.2, 126.6±3.79, 92.5±2.27, 84.0±1.77 mg/dL. There were no significant blood glucose differences observed between groups across time, within group significance in both groups was observed between 0 and 30, 30 and 60, and 60 and 90, for control only. Heart rate for control at 0-, 30-, 60-, and 90-minutes was 78.0±3.06, 78.2±2.55, 78.6±2.6, and 74.4±1.85 respectively. For those receiving bike exercise prior to ingestion heart rate was 88.7±3.71, 85.5±2.69, 83.1±2.35, and 80.3±2.89. There were no significant heart rate differences observed between groups across time, within group significance in both groups was observed between 0 and 30, 30 and 60, and 60 and 90, for control only. Blood pressure for control at 0-, 30-, 60-, and 90-minutes was 86.8±2.05, 89.2±2.05, 89.2±2.5, and 87.6±2.6. For those receiving bike exercise prior to ingestion blood pressure was 90.6±3.07, 88.98±2.3, 88.2±1.97, and 86.98±2.08. There were no significant blood pressure differences observed between groups across time, within group significance in both groups was observed between 0 and 30, 30 and 60, and 60 and 90, for control only. In conclusion exercise probably does not alter the glycemic and physiological response to energy drinks.https://openriver.winona.edu/urc2019/1092/thumbnail.jp

Synaptic vesicle release regulates pre-myelinating oligodendrocyte-axon interactions in a neuron subtype-specific manner

Oligodendrocyte-lineage cells are central nervous system (CNS) glia that perform multiple functions including the selective myelination of some but not all axons. During myelination, synaptic vesicle release from axons promotes sheath stabilization and growth on a subset of neuron subtypes. In comparison, it is unknown if pre-myelinating oligodendrocyte process extensions selectively interact with specific neural circuits or axon subtypes, and whether the formation and stabilization of these neuron–glia interactions involves synaptic vesicle release. In this study, we used fluorescent reporters in the larval zebrafish model to track pre-myelinating oligodendrocyte process extensions interacting with spinal axons utilizing in vivo imaging. Monitoring motile oligodendrocyte processes and their interactions with individually labeled axons revealed that synaptic vesicle release regulates the behavior of subsets of process extensions. Specifically, blocking synaptic vesicle release decreased the longevity of oligodendrocyte process extensions interacting with reticulospinal axons. Furthermore, blocking synaptic vesicle release increased the frequency that new interactions formed and retracted. In contrast, tracking the movements of all process extensions of singly-labeled oligodendrocytes revealed that synaptic vesicle release does not regulate overall process motility or exploratory behavior. Blocking synaptic vesicle release influenced the density of oligodendrocyte process extensions interacting with reticulospinal and serotonergic axons, but not commissural interneuron or dopaminergic axons. Taken together, these data indicate that alterations to synaptic vesicle release cause changes to oligodendrocyte-axon interactions that are neuron subtype specific

Regional Population and Employment 1976-1983

Gronseth, Glenn O; Skurla, James A. (1985). Regional Population and Employment 1976-1983. Retrieved from the University Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/264860

Revised Airlie House consensus guidelines for design and implementation of ALS clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE: To revise the 1999 Airlie House consensus guidelines for the design and implementation of preclinical therapeutic studies and clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). METHODS: A consensus committee comprising 140 key members of the international ALS community (ALS researchers, clinicians, patient representatives, research funding representatives, industry, and regulatory agencies) addressed 9 areas of need within ALS research: (1) preclinical studies; (2) biological and phenotypic heterogeneity; (3) outcome measures; (4) disease-modifying and symptomatic interventions; (5) recruitment and retention; (6) biomarkers; (7) clinical trial phases; (8) beyond traditional trial designs; and (9) statistical considerations. Assigned to 1 of 8 sections, committee members generated a draft set of guidelines based on a background of developing a (pre)clinical question and a rationale outlining the evidence and expert opinion. Following a 2-day, face-to-face workshop at the Airlie House Conference Center, a modified Delphi process was used to develop draft consensus research guidelines, which were subsequently reviewed and modified based on comments from the public. Statistical experts drafted a separate document of statistical considerations (section 9). RESULTS: In this report, we summarize 112 guidelines and their associated backgrounds and rationales. The full list of guidelines, the statistical considerations, and a glossary of terms can be found in data available from Dryad (appendices e-3-e-5, doi.org/10.5061/dryad.32q9q5d). The authors prioritized 15 guidelines with the greatest potential to improve ALS clinical research. CONCLUSION: The revised Airlie House ALS Clinical Trials Consensus Guidelines should serve to improve clinical trial design and accelerate the development of effective treatments for patients with ALS

Data from: Revised Airlie House consensus guidelines for design and implementation of ALS clinical trials

Objective: To revise the 1999 Airlie House consensus guidelines for the design and implementation of preclinical therapeutic studies and clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: A consensus committee comprising 140 key members of the international ALS community (ALS researchers, clinicians, patient representatives, research funding representatives, industry and regulatory agencies) addressed nine areas of need within ALS research: 1. Pre-clinical studies; 2. Biological and phenotypic heterogeneity; 3. Outcome measures; 4. Disease-modifying and symptomatic interventions; 5. Recruitment and retention; 6. Biomarkers; 7. Clinical trial phases; 8. Beyond traditional trial designs; and 9. Statistical considerations. Assigned to one of eight sections, committee members generated a draft set of recommendations based on a “background” of developing a (pre)clinical question and a “rationale” outlining the evidence and expert opinion. Following a two-day, face-to-face workshop at the Airlie House Conference Center, a modified Delphi process was used to develop draft consensus guidelines, which were subsequently reviewed and modified based on comments from the public. Statistical experts drafted a separate document of statistical considerations (section 9). Results: In this paper we summarize 112 recommendations and their associated backgrounds and rationales. The full list of recommendations on all main topics as well as on statistical considerations are available (Appendices e-3 and e-4). The authors prioritized 15 recommendations with the greatest potential to improve ALS clinical research. Conclusion: The revised Airlie House ALS Clinical Trials Consensus Guidelines should serve to improve clinical trial design and accelerate the development of effective treatments for patients with ALS

Appendix e-5 Statistical Considerations

Appendix e-5 Statistical Consideration

Appendix e-4 Full ALS Clinical Trial Guidelines

Appendix e-4 Full ALS Clinical Trial Guideline

Appendix e-3 Glossary of Terms

Appendix e-3 Glossary of Term

Revised Airlie House consensus guidelines for design and implementation of ALS clinical trials.

ObjectiveTo revise the 1999 Airlie House consensus guidelines for the design and implementation of preclinical therapeutic studies and clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodsA consensus committee comprising 140 key members of the international ALS community (ALS researchers, clinicians, patient representatives, research funding representatives, industry, and regulatory agencies) addressed 9 areas of need within ALS research: (1) preclinical studies; (2) biological and phenotypic heterogeneity; (3) outcome measures; (4) disease-modifying and symptomatic interventions; (5) recruitment and retention; (6) biomarkers; (7) clinical trial phases; (8) beyond traditional trial designs; and (9) statistical considerations. Assigned to 1 of 8 sections, committee members generated a draft set of guidelines based on a "background" of developing a (pre)clinical question and a "rationale" outlining the evidence and expert opinion. Following a 2-day, face-to-face workshop at the Airlie House Conference Center, a modified Delphi process was used to develop draft consensus research guidelines, which were subsequently reviewed and modified based on comments from the public. Statistical experts drafted a separate document of statistical considerations (section 9).ResultsIn this report, we summarize 112 guidelines and their associated backgrounds and rationales. The full list of guidelines, the statistical considerations, and a glossary of terms can be found in data available from Dryad (appendices e-3-e-5, doi.org/10.5061/dryad.32q9q5d). The authors prioritized 15 guidelines with the greatest potential to improve ALS clinical research.ConclusionThe revised Airlie House ALS Clinical Trials Consensus Guidelines should serve to improve clinical trial design and accelerate the development of effective treatments for patients with ALS