Mary Evelyn “Evie” Smith

Mary Evelyn “Evie” Smith was born in Washington DC in 1942, but grew up in Arlington, VA. She identified as a lesbian feminist. Smith moved to Idaho to participate in a maternal infant care program after becoming pregnant. During her time in Idaho, Smith has worked as a barmaid at Shuckey’s and in many different capacities for the state until her retirement in 2002. She is one of the founding members of The Community Center. She discusses the challenges of the gay community from the 1977 Boise Police Department lawsuit to the No On One Campaign. After having received many accolades for her service in the gay community in Boise, Evie is now approaching a retirement from activism.https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/idlgbtq_oral_histories/1009/thumbnail.jp

Infection and immune response induced by Vibrio anguillarum in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Immunity in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was evaluated after immunization against vibriosis by parenteral, oral or immersion methods. Relative levels of immunity were determined by protection of fish from experimental water-borne challenges with Vibrio anguillarum and by serum agglutination titers. Coho salmon eggs were exposed to bacterin during artificial spawning or as embryos 4-5 days before hatching. Two of the six injected embryos had agglutination titers 218 days later, and as juveniles these two fish demonstrated an anamnestic response following intraperitoneal injection of bacteria. Fish that had selected portions of their body immersed in bacteria had high levels of protection and lower agglutination titers when compared to those completely submerged in the same preparation. Results showed that parenterally immunized fish had high titers and a high level of protection, those immersed in the bacterin had lower titers but a high level of protection and those orally immunized had no serum agglutinins and only moderate protection. Previously unimmunized fish were significantly protected when passively immunized with coho salmon anti-V. anguillarum immunoglobulin partially purified by gel filtration. The agglutination titer of the partially purified antibody was 1:4. Serum or spleen cells obtained from orally immunized fish conferred no protection to fish injected with these substances. Serum from parenterally immunized fish, however, conferred a high level of protection in passively immunized fish and spleen cells from these same donors also provided moderate protection to previously nonimmune recipients. Coho salmon radiolabeled tetrameric immunoglobulin purified by ion exchange and gel filtration was effectively absorbed in the blood after it was intraperitoneally injected. The kinetics of absorption were related to water temperature with less immunoglobulin absorbed at the lower temperatures. Effects of temperature on infection were examined at seven water temperatures in 3°C increments from 3 to 21°C. The mean day to death and total mortality were related to temperature and a shorter mean day to death and higher mortality was observed at increased temperatures. The effect of temperature on the time of onset of agglutinating antibody formation in parenterally immunized fish was studied in fish held at 6, 12 and 18°C. Titers were first observed on days 10, 15 and 25 in fish held at 18, 12 and 6°C, respectively. Growth curves of V. anguillarum cultured in Brain Heart Infusion broth were determined at the same three temperatures with growth rates directly related to temperature

Investigation of Head Burns in Adult Salmonids : Phase 1, Examination of Fish at Lookingglass Hatchery in 1996 : Addendum to Final Report.

This information is an addendum to the report 'Investigation of Head Burns in Adult Salmonids, Phase 1: Examination of Fish at Lower Granite Dam, July 2, 1996' by Ralph Elston because there may be relevant observations included here. The author of this document participated in the examinations at Lower Granite Dam described in that report. Because of Endangered Species Act issues, the Rapid River stock of spring chinook salmon reared at Lookingglass Hatchery on the Grande Ronde River in northeastern Oregon are annually being captured as returning adults at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River and trucked to Lookingglass. During the peak migration period they are held in an adult holding facility at Lower Granite for as long as 72 hours and then transported by truck to Lookingglass for holding in an adult pond for spawning. In 1996 a total of 572 adults were transported from Lower Granite Dam between May 3 and August 6. Two-hundred eighty-one of these were later transported from Lookingglass to Wallowa Hatchery for artificial spawning and the remaining 291 were held for spawning at Lookingglass. On May 21, 24, 30 and June 2, 1996 hatchery personnel identified a total of 32 off-loaded fish with lesions on the dorsal area of the head they described as having the appearance of blisters (Robert Lund personal communication). By date these are shown in Table 1 (fish with similar lesions were also observed on May 27 but the number of these was not recorded). Such lesions were not observed on fish offloaded on any other dates. On May 24, 1996 hatchery personnel took photographs of fish with these lesions but do to light-meter problems the photographs did not turn out. On June 28, 1996 personnel of the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW) Fish Pathology laboratory in La Grande were notified by James Lauman, ODFW Northeast Region supervisor, of discussions and concerns of head burn on returning adult chinook while he was on a visitation to Lower Granite Dam. That led to subsequent investigations at Lower Granite Dam (Ralph Elston 1996) and Lookingglass Hatchery. The results of the Lookingglass investigations are reported here

Effects of counterion fluctuations in a polyelectrolyte brush

We investigate the effect of counterion fluctuations in a single polyelectrolyte brush in the absence of added salt by systematically expanding the counterion free energy about Poisson-Boltzmann mean field theory. We find that for strongly charged brushes, there is a collapse regime in which the brush height decreases with increasing charge on the polyelectrolyte chains. The transition to this collapsed regime is similar to the liquid-gas transition, which has a first-order line terminating at a critical point. We find that for monovalent counterions the transition is discontinuous in theta solvent, while for multivalent counterions the transition is generally continuous. For collapsed brushes, the brush height is not independent of grafting density as it is for osmotic brushes, but scales linear with it.Comment: 9 pages, 9 figure

Gender and line size factors modulate the deviations of the subjective visual vertical induced by head tilt

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The subjective visual vertical (SVV, the visual estimation of gravitational direction) is commonly considered as an indicator of the sense of orientation. The present study examined the impact of two methodological factors (the angle size of the stimulus and the participant's gender) on deviations of the SVV caused by head tilt. Forty healthy participants (20 men and 20 women) were asked to make visual vertical adjustments of a light bar with their head held vertically or roll-tilted by 30° to the left or to the right. Line angle sizes of 0.95° and 18.92° were presented.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The SVV tended to move in the direction of head tilt in women but away from the direction of head tilt in men. Moreover, the head-tilt effect was also modulated by the stimulus' angle size. The large angle size led to deviations in the direction of head-tilt, whereas the small angle size had the opposite effect.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our results showed that gender and line angle size have an impact on the evaluation of the SVV. These findings must be taken into account in the growing body of research that uses the SVV paradigm in disease settings. Moreover, this methodological issue may explain (at least in part) the discrepancies found in the literature on the head-tilt effect.</p

Which way is down? Visual and tactile verticality perception in expert dancers and non-experts

Gravity provides an absolute verticality reference for all spatial perception, allowing us to move within and interact effectively with our world. Bayesian inference models explain verticality perception as a combination of online sensory cues with a prior prediction that the head is usually upright. Until now, these Bayesian models have been formulated for judgements of the perceived orientation of visual stimuli. Here, we investigated whether judgements of the verticality of tactile stimuli follow a similar pattern of Bayesian perceptual inference. We also explored whether verticality perception is affected by the postural and balance expertise of dancers. We tested both the subjective visual vertical (SVV) and the subjective tactile vertical (STV) in ballet dancers and non-dancers. A robotic arm traced downward-moving visual or tactile stimuli in separate blocks while participants held their head either upright or tilted 30° to their right. Participants reported whether these stimuli deviated to the left (clockwise) or right (anti-clockwise) of the gravitational vertical. Tilting the head biased the SVV away from the longitudinal head axis (the classical E-effect), consistent with a failure to compensate for the vestibulo-ocular counter-roll reflex. On the contrary, tilting the head biased the STV toward the longitudinal head axis (the classical A-effect), consistent with a strong upright head prior. Critically, tilting the head reduced the precision of verticality perception, particularly for ballet dancers’ STV judgements. Head tilt is thought to increase vestibular noise, so ballet dancers seem to be surprisingly susceptible to degradation of vestibular inputs, giving them an inappropriately high weighting in verticality judgements

Grandfather's Last Days?: Voluntary Permits and Economically Sustainable Air Quality in Texas

Daunting air quality problems in Texas have brought state government under increasing public pressure to enact strict controls on air emissions. The Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission (TNRCC) launched a voluntary emissions reduction (VERPs) program to encourage plants to reduce their emissions. If the program does not produce significant reductions, the legislature will likely subject these plants to strict standards.IC2 Institut