Síntese e caracterização de compósitos magnéticos para serem utilizados como fotocatalisadores na degradação de corantes

Um dos principais problemas das indústrias têxteis está associado ao descarte de rejeitos contendo resíduos de corantes sintéticos. A remoção desses corantes pode ser realizada pelo método da adsorção utilizando materiais com elevada capacidade adsortiva. Entretanto, a separação do corante adsorvido do meio é um processo difícil. Dessa forma, preparar óxidos magnéticos, como o γ-Fe2O3, seria uma interessante escolha que permitiria essa separação. A decomposição térmica de precursores como oxalatos e tartaratos é uma rota interessante para se preparar esses materiais. Quando aquecidos a 300°C, tanto o oxalato de ferro (II) quanto o tartarato de ferro (II) geram γ-óxido de ferro (III), que apresenta a propriedade magnética. Deste modo, neste trabalho, sintetizamos compósitos com diversas razões m/m Vulcan/γFe2O3 pelo método do precursor, calcinando a mistura mecânica Vulcan/precursor por 2h em cadinho de porcelana, ao ar e, caracterizamos os compósitos pelas técnicas de espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (IV) e difração de raios-X (DRX). Os compósitos sintetizados na razão 1:1 de Vulcan/ γ-Fe2O3 com os diferentes precursores foram selecionados para realizar testes de adsorção com o corante azul de metileno (AM) e avaliados pelo Índice de Azul de Metileno (IAM). O IAM alcançado dos compósitos sintetizados em apenas 10 min de adsorção superam o IAM de vários materiais mais adsortivos da literatura para este fim. Testamos, também, a possibilidade de regenerar os compósitos que chegaram ao limite de saturação por reações tipo-Fenton ou foto-Fenton, utilizando tratamento com H2O2 e luz (do sol/ de lâmpada comercial) e, pudemos observar que o corante é eficientemente degradado fotocataliticamente após o tratamento, uma vez que o compósito volta a adsorver novamente o azul de metileno

Dinâmica da Implantação de Humanização no Serviço de Radioterapia Pediátrica do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Brasil

Introdução: O tratamento do câncer infantil é multidisciplinar, e a radioterapia faz parte dessa abordagem, sendo, em geral, um procedimento crítico em crianças. A necessidade de permanecerem sem acompanhante e imóveis no aparelho de tratamento, aliada ao receio da natureza dessa terapia, faz com que o uso de anestesia seja comum. Para que a criança pudesse se sentir mais confortável e confiante com esse tratamento, foram introduzidas medidas de humanização na rotina da radioterapia. Objetivo: Descrever a dinâmica do processo de humanização utilizado. Método: Estudo descritivo sobre a implantação de medidas de humanização, entre maio/2016 e dezembro/2017, no Serviço de Radioterapia do Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, RJ, Brasil. Resultado: A customização das máscaras de tratamento, a utilização de fantasias correspondentes, o certificado de coragem, as comemorações de datas festivas e as melhorias no ambiente foram as principais intervenções de humanização realizadas. Houve uma transformação no enfrentamento das adversidades inerentes ao tratamento, com evidente benefício para o ambiente e bem-estar da criança. Uma relação de confiança foi estabelecida entre a criança, sua família e a equipe profissional. Maior adesão, redução do absenteísmo e aparente redução de anestesia para o tratamento foram os resultados constatados. Conclusão: As ações implementadas trouxeram inequívoco ganho para o bem-estar geral dos envolvidos no processo de humanização. Aponta-se a necessidade de estudo quantitativo sobre a melhoria no fluxo de atendimento nesse Serviço, seja por meio da redução do uso de anestesia para o tratamento ou no tempo diário no aparelho de radioterapia

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- A nd middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level.

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4%) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 [84.7%]) were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 [62.8%]), followed by strabismus (n = 429 [10.2%]) and proptosis (n = 309 [7.4%]). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 [95% CI, 12.94-24.80], and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 [95% CI, 4.30-7.68]). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs

The global retinoblastoma outcome study : a prospective, cluster-based analysis of 4064 patients from 149 countries

DATA SHARING : The study data will become available online once all analyses are complete.BACKGROUND : Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular cancer worldwide. There is some evidence to suggest that major differences exist in treatment outcomes for children with retinoblastoma from different regions, but these differences have not been assessed on a global scale. We aimed to report 3-year outcomes for children with retinoblastoma globally and to investigate factors associated with survival. METHODS : We did a prospective cluster-based analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Patients were recruited from 260 specialised treatment centres worldwide. Data were obtained from participating centres on primary and additional treatments, duration of follow-up, metastasis, eye globe salvage, and survival outcome. We analysed time to death and time to enucleation with Cox regression models. FINDINGS : The cohort included 4064 children from 149 countries. The median age at diagnosis was 23·2 months (IQR 11·0–36·5). Extraocular tumour spread (cT4 of the cTNMH classification) at diagnosis was reported in five (0·8%) of 636 children from high-income countries, 55 (5·4%) of 1027 children from upper-middle-income countries, 342 (19·7%) of 1738 children from lower-middle-income countries, and 196 (42·9%) of 457 children from low-income countries. Enucleation surgery was available for all children and intravenous chemotherapy was available for 4014 (98·8%) of 4064 children. The 3-year survival rate was 99·5% (95% CI 98·8–100·0) for children from high-income countries, 91·2% (89·5–93·0) for children from upper-middle-income countries, 80·3% (78·3–82·3) for children from lower-middle-income countries, and 57·3% (52·1-63·0) for children from low-income countries. On analysis, independent factors for worse survival were residence in low-income countries compared to high-income countries (hazard ratio 16·67; 95% CI 4·76–50·00), cT4 advanced tumour compared to cT1 (8·98; 4·44–18·18), and older age at diagnosis in children up to 3 years (1·38 per year; 1·23–1·56). For children aged 3–7 years, the mortality risk decreased slightly (p=0·0104 for the change in slope). INTERPRETATION : This study, estimated to include approximately half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017, shows profound inequity in survival of children depending on the national income level of their country of residence. In high-income countries, death from retinoblastoma is rare, whereas in low-income countries estimated 3-year survival is just over 50%. Although essential treatments are available in nearly all countries, early diagnosis and treatment in low-income countries are key to improving survival outcomes.The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust and the Wellcome Trust.https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/homeam2023Paediatrics and Child Healt

Global Retinoblastoma Presentation and Analysis by National Income Level

Importance: Early diagnosis of retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer, can save both a child's life and vision. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that many children across the world are diagnosed late. To our knowledge, the clinical presentation of retinoblastoma has never been assessed on a global scale. Objectives: To report the retinoblastoma stage at diagnosis in patients across the world during a single year, to investigate associations between clinical variables and national income level, and to investigate risk factors for advanced disease at diagnosis. Design, Setting, and Participants: A total of 278 retinoblastoma treatment centers were recruited from June 2017 through December 2018 to participate in a cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naive patients with retinoblastoma who were diagnosed in 2017. Main Outcomes and Measures: Age at presentation, proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, and tumor stage and metastasis. Results: The cohort included 4351 new patients from 153 countries; the median age at diagnosis was 30.5 (interquartile range, 18.3-45.9) months, and 1976 patients (45.4) were female. Most patients (n = 3685 84.7%) were from low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, the most common indication for referral was leukocoria (n = 2638 62.8%), followed by strabismus (n = 429 10.2%) and proptosis (n = 309 7.4%). Patients from high-income countries (HICs) were diagnosed at a median age of 14.1 months, with 656 of 666 (98.5%) patients having intraocular retinoblastoma and 2 (0.3%) having metastasis. Patients from low-income countries were diagnosed at a median age of 30.5 months, with 256 of 521 (49.1%) having extraocular retinoblastoma and 94 of 498 (18.9%) having metastasis. Lower national income level was associated with older presentation age, higher proportion of locally advanced disease and distant metastasis, and smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma. Advanced disease at diagnosis was more common in LMICs even after adjusting for age (odds ratio for low-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 17.92 95% CI, 12.94-24.80, and for lower-middle-income countries vs upper-middle-income countries and HICs, 5.74 95% CI, 4.30-7.68). Conclusions and Relevance: This study is estimated to have included more than half of all new retinoblastoma cases worldwide in 2017. Children from LMICs, where the main global retinoblastoma burden lies, presented at an older age with more advanced disease and demonstrated a smaller proportion of familial history of retinoblastoma, likely because many do not reach a childbearing age. Given that retinoblastoma is curable, these data are concerning and mandate intervention at national and international levels. Further studies are needed to investigate factors, other than age at presentation, that may be associated with advanced disease in LMICs. © 2020 American Medical Association. All rights reserved

O BNDES e a agroindústria nos anos 90

Bibliografia: p. 190A década de 90 foi marcante para a atuação do Sistema BNDES no setor agropecuário. Os desembolsos e o número de operações cresceram acentuadamente, levando-o à condição de principal fonte de financiamento do investimento agropecuário no final dos anos 90. Como o setor passou por uma profunda crise na metade da década, houve flutuações expressivas nos desembolsos. A partir de 1995, em grande medida como resposta à crise financeira da agricultura, foram adotadas diversas ações compensatórias, sobretudo através da criação de linhas de crédito com juros fixos. No início com recursos próprios e posteriormente com equalização do Tesouro, tais linhas ajudaram a atenuar o risco de crédito e aumentaram a disponibilidade de financiamento, recuperando os níveis de desembolsos ao final da década. O Pronaf teve papel importante na ampliação da clientela do BNDES, trazendo para o Sistema produtores antes excluídos das linhas tradicionais. Por fim, verifica-se o esforço de criação de linhas adequadas às condições específicas do setor, como foi o caso do financiamento à comercialização do algodão nacional

Prediagnostic Intervals in Retinoblastoma: Experience at an Oncology Center in Brazil

Purpose: Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood. In most cases, parents are the first to notice leukocoria and other symptoms before undergoing a prolonged period of stress before diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine prediagnostic intervals of patients with retinoblastoma at an oncology tertiary center (Instituto Nacional de Cancer) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and relate them to stage at diagnosis, eye salvage, and survival. Methods: Parents or caregivers of children with retinoblastoma registered between January 2006 and September 2013 were interviewed using a semistructured individually applied questionnaire, concerning their trajectory before registration. Results: Out of 76 patients, 39 (51%) were girls, 52 (68%) had unilateral retinoblastoma, and 24 (32%) had bilateral retinoblastoma, totaling 100 affected eyes. The most common stage of diagnosis was the intraocular group, with 63 (83%) patients; nine (12%) were extraocular, and four (5%) had metastatic disease. During the follow-up time of 37 ± 24.5 months, 10 (13%) patients died and 70 (70%) eyes were enucleated. Mean family interval was 1.6 ± 2.6 months, mean medical interval was 5.0 ± 6.2 months, mean referral interval was 0.2 ± 1.4 months, and mean overall interval was 7.1 ± 6.9 months. In univariate analysis, age at diagnosis, maternal education, medical interval, and overall interval were significantly related to advanced stage at diagnosis and survival. In multivariate analysis, maternal education and medical interval were significantly related to advanced stage at diagnosis and survival. No variables affected eye salvage. Conclusion: Medical interval was responsible for 70% of the overall interval; therefore, programs or campaigns targeting retinoblastoma early diagnosis should focus emphasize in medical awareness