GluK2-mediated excitability within the superficial layers of the entorhinal cortex

11 pages, 6 pages.-- PMID: 19440371 [PubMed].-- PMCID: PMC2679203.-- Supporting information available: Figure S1, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005576.s001 (0.63 MB TIF).Recent analysis of genetically modified mice deficient in different kainate receptor (KAR) subunits have strongly pointed to a role of the GluK2 subunit, mediating the vulnerability of the brain towards seizures. Research concerning this issue has focused mainly on the hippocampus. However, several studies point to a potential role of other parts of the hippocampal formation, in particular the entorhinal cortex, in the development of epileptic seizures. There is extensive cell death after such seizures in layer III of the medial entorhinal cortex (LIII mEC), making this region of special interest for investigation into related pathological conditions. We therefore characterized KAR mediated currents in LIII mEC pyramidal neurons by several different approaches. Using patch-clamp technique, in combination with glutamate uncaging in horizontal brain slices, we show that LIII mEC neurons exhibit KAR currents. Use of genetically modified mice reveal that these currents are mediated by GluK2 containing KARs. The IV curve indicates the predominant presence of a Ca2+ impermeable and edited form of the KAR. Finally, we show that GluK2 containing kainate receptors are essential for kainate-induced gamma oscillations within the entorhinal cortex.This study has been funded by the SFB 665 grant and P.B. is a member of and funded by the GRK 1123.Peer reviewe

ПРО ОДИН З АСПЕКТІВ КОМПЛЕКСНОГО ВИРІШЕННЯ ПИТАННЯ БУДІВНИЦТВА КАНАЛУ АЗОВСЬКЕ МОРЕ – МОЛОЧНИЙ ЛИМАН

Молочний лиман – один з найбільш цінних водно-болотних угідь Приа-зов’я, який увійшов до Міжнародного кадастру Рамсарських територій. Згідно з фізико-географічним районуванням України, Молочний лиман відноситься до Присивасько-Приазовської степової області Причорноморської південно-степової провінції. Адміністративно ця акваторія знаходиться в Запорізькій об-ласті і розташована на територіях Якимівського, Приазовського та Мелітополь-ського районів. Довжина лиману складає 32 км, максимальна ширина 8 км, гли-бина до 3 м, площа 170 км2. Від Азовського моря Лиман відділений косою Пе-ресип зі штучно створеною протокою (промоїною). Останнім часом, з`єднувальний канал Молочного лиману практично не функціонує

Blood Levels of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor after Successful Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest

Introduction: Ischemia-reperfusion injury following cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with a systemic inflammatory response, resulting in post-resuscitation disease. In the present study we investigated the response of the pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) to CPR in patients admitted to the hospital after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). To describe the magnitude of MIF release, we compared the blood levels from CPR patients with those obtained in healthy volunteers and with an aged- and gender-matched group of patient

Wnt Pathway in Bone Repair and Regeneration – What Do We Know So Far

Wnt signaling plays a central regulatory role across a remarkably diverse range of functions during embryonic development, including those involved in the formation of bone and cartilage. Wnt signaling continues to play a critical role in adult osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Disruptions in this highly-conserved and complex system leads to various pathological conditions, including impaired bone healing, autoimmune diseases and malignant degeneration. For reconstructive surgeons, critically sized skeletal defects represent a major challenge. These are frequently associated with significant morbidity in both the recipient and donor sites. The Wnt pathway is an attractive therapeutic target with the potential to directly modulate stem cells responsible for skeletal tissue regeneration and promote bone growth, suggesting that Wnt factors could be used to promote bone healing after trauma. This review summarizes our current understanding of the essential role of the Wnt pathway in bone regeneration and repair