MALDI-MSI Towards Multimodal Imaging: Challenges and Perspectives

Multimodal imaging is a powerful strategy for combining information from multiple images. It involves several fields in the acquisition, processing and interpretation of images. As multimodal imaging is a vast subject area with various combinations of imaging techniques, it has been extensively reviewed. Here we focus on Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI) coupling other imaging modalities in multimodal approaches. While MALDI-MS images convey a substantial amount of chemical information, they are not readily informative about the morphological nature of the tissue. By providing a supplementary modality, MALDI-MS images can be more informative and better reflect the nature of the tissue. In this mini review, we emphasize the analytical and computational strategies to address multimodal MALDI-MSI.Imagerie multimodale combinant la spectroscopie Raman et la spectrométrie de masse appliquée à la tuberculos

Analyse de systèmes de vote électronique

National audienceLa sécurité des scrutins électoraux doit être assurée du fait de leur place centrale dans notre société démocratique. De plus, nous utilisons de plus en plus la technologie et internet dans des domaines sensibles comme la banque. Cela semble donc être une suite logique que de faire de même pour le vote. C’est le choix qui a été fait par l’Université de Bordeaux pour l’élection de cette année. On peut néanmoins se poser des questions sur l’accessibilité et la sécurité notamment lorsque ces nouveaux systèmes de votes sont totalement opaques sur leurs fonctionnements.Comme le signale la CNIL, le vote électronique n’est pas encore une solution adaptée à des votes avec enjeu ou avec un grand électorat. Il n’est de plus pas fiable d’utiliser ce genre de système lorsque ni l’électorat ni les organisateurs ne connaissent son fonctionnement. Les votants ne peuvent pas lui faire confiance. Enfin, le principe de base d’un vote est de ne pas accorder sa confiance à l’organisateur du vote mais aux assesseurs choisis par les différents camps. Le rôle de ces assesseurs est réellement central et consiste à vérifier qu’aucun problème ne survienne.L’analyse de deux systèmes de vote différents, Neovote et Belenios, nous a montré que même si techniquement ils semblent sûrs, des attaques restent envisageables dans les deux cas. De plus, une attaque contre un système de vote en ligne peut rapidement compromettre l’ensemble de l’élection tout en passant complètement inaperçue, et étant donc difficilement contestable

Key Role of Polyphosphoinositides in Dynamics of Fusogenic Nuclear Membrane Vesicles

The role of phosphoinositides has been thoroughly described in many signalling and membrane trafficking events but their function as modulators of membrane structure and dynamics in membrane fusion has not been investigated. We have reconstructed models that mimic the composition of nuclear envelope precursor membranes with naturally elevated amounts of phosphoinositides. These fusogenic membranes (membrane vesicle 1(MV1) and nuclear envelope remnants (NER) are critical for the assembly of the nuclear envelope. Phospholipids, cholesterol, and polyphosphoinositides, with polyunsaturated fatty acid chains that were identified in the natural nuclear membranes by lipid mass spectrometry, have been used to reconstruct complex model membranes mimicking nuclear envelope precursor membranes. Structural and dynamic events occurring in the membrane core and at the membrane surface were monitored by solid-state deuterium and phosphorus NMR. “MV1-like” (PC∶PI∶PIP∶PIP2, 30∶20∶18∶12, mol%) membranes that exhibited high levels of PtdIns, PtdInsP and PtdInsP2 had an unusually fluid membrane core (up to 20% increase, compared to membranes with low amounts of phosphoinositides to mimic the endoplasmic reticulum). “NER-like” (PC∶CH∶PI∶PIP∶PIP2, 28∶42∶16∶7∶7, mol%) membranes containing high amounts of both cholesterol and phosphoinositides exhibited liquid-ordered phase properties, but with markedly lower rigidity (10–15% decrease). Phosphoinositides are the first lipids reported to counterbalance the ordering effect of cholesterol. At the membrane surface, phosphoinositides control the orientation dynamics of other lipids in the model membranes, while remaining unchanged themselves. This is an important finding as it provides unprecedented mechanistic insight into the role of phosphoinositides in membrane dynamics. Biological implications of our findings and a model describing the roles of fusogenic membrane vesicles are proposed

Biophysical analysis of the plant-specific GIPC sphingolipids reveals multiple modes of membrane regulation

The plant plasma membrane (PM) is an essential barrier between the cell and the external environment, controlling signal perception and transmission. It consists of an asymmetrical lipid bilayer made up of three different lipid classes: sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids. The glycosyl inositol phosphoryl ceramides (GIPCs), representing up to 40% of total sphingolipids, are assumed to be almost exclusively in the outer leaflet of the PM. However, their biological role and properties are poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the role of GIPCs in membrane organization. Because GIPCs are not commercially available, we developed a protocol to extract and isolate GIPC-enriched fractions from eudicots (cauliflower and tobacco) and monocots (leek and rice). Lipidomic analysis confirmed the presence of trihydroxylated long chain bases and 2-hydroxylated very long-chain fatty acids up to 26 carbon atoms. The glycan head groups of the GIPCs from monocots and dicots were analyzed by gas chromatograph–mass spectrometry, revealing different sugar moieties. Multiple biophysics tools, namely Langmuir monolayer, ζ-Potential, light scattering, neutron reflectivity, solid state 2H-NMR, and molecular modeling, were used to investigate the physical properties of the GIPCs, as well as their interaction with free and conjugated phytosterols. We showed that GIPCs increase the thickness and electronegativity of model membranes, interact differentially with the different phytosterols species, and regulate the gel-to-fluid phase transition during temperature variations. These results unveil the multiple roles played by GIPCs in the plant PM.Vers un modèle intégratif de la bicouche lipidique de la membrane plasmique végétaleDéveloppement d’une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l’innovatio

Geometrical analysis of tubular organs

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte d’analyse d’images médicales et s’attache plus particulièrement à l’étude des organes tubulaires (vaisseaux, bronches, neurones...). De nombreuses pathologies, telles que les bronchopneumopathies chroniques obstructives (BPCO) pour les bronches, affectent la structure des organes tubulaires. Des outils automatiques sont nécessaires afin d’effectuer des mesures précises, reproductibles et permettant un suivi dans le temps. L’objectif de la thèse est de proposer de nouveaux outils facilitant la caractérisation automatique de ces organes. Cette caractérisation se base le plus souvent sur l’analyse de la géométrie de l’organe segmenté. Il existe de nombreuses méthodes permettant d’effectuer des mesures géométriques, mais certaines nécessitent d’extraire des sous-représentations de l’organe. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux de celles-ci : le squelette curvilinéaire et les plans de coupe 2D reconstruits orthogonalement à l’axe de l’organe. Notre première contribution est une méthode d’estimation précise des plans orthogonaux. Nous avons également proposé un algorithme de squelettisation spécifique aux organes tubulaires, ainsi que des outils d’amélioration de squelettes existants. De plus, nous présentons à la fin de ce document, un travail en cours sur une méthode de filtrage de structures tubulaires à partir d’images en niveaux de gris.This thesis is dedicated to the study of tubular organs, such as blood vessels, bronchii, or neurons. Several diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for bronchii, distort the structure of tubular organs. Several tools are necessary in order to make precise and reproducible measurements and to track the organ over time. The main goal of this thesis is to define new tools for the automatic characterization of tubular organs. This characterization is based on the geometrical analysis from a segmentation. There are various state-of-the-art methods to perform geometrical measurements, but some of them require to extract alternative representations from the organ. In this thesis, we focus on two of these : curvilinear skeletons and 2D planes computed from the axis of the tube. Our first contribution is a method for the precise estimation of orthogonal planes. In addition, we propose a skeletonization algorithm as well as methods to improve existing skeletons. At the end of this manuscript, we introduce a method from a work in progress which allows to filter tubular structures in grayscale images

Caractérisation géométrique d’organes tubulaires

This thesis is dedicated to the study of tubular organs, such as blood vessels, bronchii, or neurons. Several diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for bronchii, distort the structure of tubular organs. Several tools are necessary in order to make precise and reproducible measurements and to track the organ over time. The main goal of this thesis is to define new tools for the automatic characterization of tubular organs. This characterization is based on the geometrical analysis from a segmentation. There are various state-of-the-art methods to perform geometrical measurements, but some of them require to extract alternative representations from the organ. In this thesis, we focus on two of these : curvilinear skeletons and 2D planes computed from the axis of the tube. Our first contribution is a method for the precise estimation of orthogonal planes. In addition, we propose a skeletonization algorithm as well as methods to improve existing skeletons. At the end of this manuscript, we introduce a method from a work in progress which allows to filter tubular structures in grayscale images.Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte d’analyse d’images médicales et s’attache plus particulièrement à l’étude des organes tubulaires (vaisseaux, bronches, neurones...). De nombreuses pathologies, telles que les bronchopneumopathies chroniques obstructives (BPCO) pour les bronches, affectent la structure des organes tubulaires. Des outils automatiques sont nécessaires afin d’effectuer des mesures précises, reproductibles et permettant un suivi dans le temps. L’objectif de la thèse est de proposer de nouveaux outils facilitant la caractérisation automatique de ces organes. Cette caractérisation se base le plus souvent sur l’analyse de la géométrie de l’organe segmenté. Il existe de nombreuses méthodes permettant d’effectuer des mesures géométriques, mais certaines nécessitent d’extraire des sous-représentations de l’organe. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux de celles-ci : le squelette curvilinéaire et les plans de coupe 2D reconstruits orthogonalement à l’axe de l’organe. Notre première contribution est une méthode d’estimation précise des plans orthogonaux. Nous avons également proposé un algorithme de squelettisation spécifique aux organes tubulaires, ainsi que des outils d’amélioration de squelettes existants. De plus, nous présentons à la fin de ce document, un travail en cours sur une méthode de filtrage de structures tubulaires à partir d’images en niveaux de gris

Geometrical analysis of tubular organs

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans un contexte d’analyse d’images médicales et s’attache plus particulièrement à l’étude des organes tubulaires (vaisseaux, bronches, neurones...). De nombreuses pathologies, telles que les bronchopneumopathies chroniques obstructives (BPCO) pour les bronches, affectent la structure des organes tubulaires. Des outils automatiques sont nécessaires afin d’effectuer des mesures précises, reproductibles et permettant un suivi dans le temps. L’objectif de la thèse est de proposer de nouveaux outils facilitant la caractérisation automatique de ces organes. Cette caractérisation se base le plus souvent sur l’analyse de la géométrie de l’organe segmenté. Il existe de nombreuses méthodes permettant d’effectuer des mesures géométriques, mais certaines nécessitent d’extraire des sous-représentations de l’organe. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à deux de celles-ci : le squelette curvilinéaire et les plans de coupe 2D reconstruits orthogonalement à l’axe de l’organe. Notre première contribution est une méthode d’estimation précise des plans orthogonaux. Nous avons également proposé un algorithme de squelettisation spécifique aux organes tubulaires, ainsi que des outils d’amélioration de squelettes existants. De plus, nous présentons à la fin de ce document, un travail en cours sur une méthode de filtrage de structures tubulaires à partir d’images en niveaux de gris.This thesis is dedicated to the study of tubular organs, such as blood vessels, bronchii, or neurons. Several diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) for bronchii, distort the structure of tubular organs. Several tools are necessary in order to make precise and reproducible measurements and to track the organ over time. The main goal of this thesis is to define new tools for the automatic characterization of tubular organs. This characterization is based on the geometrical analysis from a segmentation. There are various state-of-the-art methods to perform geometrical measurements, but some of them require to extract alternative representations from the organ. In this thesis, we focus on two of these : curvilinear skeletons and 2D planes computed from the axis of the tube. Our first contribution is a method for the precise estimation of orthogonal planes. In addition, we propose a skeletonization algorithm as well as methods to improve existing skeletons. At the end of this manuscript, we introduce a method from a work in progress which allows to filter tubular structures in grayscale images

Médicaments génériques (attitude et perception des différents acteurs de la santé)

POITIERS-BU Médecine pharmacie (861942103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Extraction of phospholipids from scallop by-product using supercritical CO2/alcohol mixtures

The objective was to produce phospholipid-enriched extracts from a new fishery by-product (scallop wastes) using supercritical fluid technology. A two-step fractionation scheme was used to improve the extraction selectivity by first deoiling the dried material by neat CO2 and secondly extracting phospholipids by CO2 plus ethanol. During this step, extracts were collected and quantified for their content in total lipids (by Folch extraction), phospholipids (by phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance) and non-lipid components (by gravimetry). The influence of temperature (27-60 degrees C) and extracting fluid composition (15:85 to 50:50 w:w ethanol:CO2) on extraction kinetic and extract composition was analyzed. Propano1-2 was attempted as co-solvent as well. With ethanol, the highest content in phospholipids (58 g/100 g of extract) was obtained at 45 degrees C and 15 wt% of co-solvent, whereas propanol(-2) was far more selective and led to an extract with a purity of 90 g/100 g of extract in phospholipids in conditions of 27 degrees C and 50 wa of co-solvent. Compared to pure ethanol or conventional choroform:methanol extractions, CO2-based mixtures allowed for recovering extracts of phospholipids content higher than 35 g/100 g of lipids. Besides phosphatidylcholine, ether glycerophospholipids and phosphonolipids were detected in samples as well. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Quantitative analysis of Bordeaux red wine precipitates by solid-state NMR: Role of tartrates and polyphenols

Stability of wines is of great importance in oenology matters. Quantitative estimation of dark red precipitates formed in Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon wine from Bordeaux region for vintages 2012 and 2013 was performed during the oak barrel ageing process. Precipitates were obtained by placing wine at -4 degrees C or 4 degrees C for 2-6 days and monitored by periodic sampling during a one-year period. Spectroscopic identification of the main families of components present in the precipitate powder was performed with C-13 solid-state CPMAS NMR and 1D and 2D solution NMR of partially water re-solubilized precipitates. The study revealed that the amount of precipitate obtained is dependent on vintage, temperature and grape variety. Major components identified include potassium bitartrate, polyphenols, polysaccharides, organic acids and free amino acids. No evidence was found for the presence of proteins. The influence of main compounds found in the precipitates is discussed in relation to wine stability. (c) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd