18 research outputs found
Price Setting in Online Grocery Markets: The Case of Chocolate
Online markets are developing rapidly in many industrialized countries and have already reached a rather mature status for some product categories. This, however, is not the case in the food sector. In Germany, the online food market captured still less than 1 % of total food sales in 2014. Despite this small share of the online market, the segment is clearly increasing and major players on the offline grocery market engage themselves on the online market, too, or they plan to do so. It is intended in this paper to contribute to our knowledge on competitive strategies of multichannel suppliers and pure online traders which are active on this growing market segment. A major element of competitive strategies on the online market for foods is pricing. We concentrate on pricing strategies of multichannel firms and pure online traders on the German online market and present evidence for the product group chocolate
Signature of odd-frequency pairing correlations induced by a magnetic interface
We investigate the mutual proximity effect in a normal metal contacted to a
superconductor through a magnetic interface. Analytical and self-consistent
numerical results are presented, and we consider both the diffusive and
ballistic regimes. We focus on the density of states in both the normal and
superconducting region, and find that the presence of spin-dependent
phase-shifts occurring at the interface qualitatively modifies the density of
states. In particular, we find that the proximity-induced pairing amplitudes in
the normal metal region undergo a conversion at the Fermi level from pure
even-frequency to odd-frequency. Above a critical value of the interface
spin-polarization (or, equivalently, for fixed interface spin-polarization,
above a critical interface resistance), only odd frequency correlations remain.
This is accompanied by the replacement of the familiar proximity minigap or
pseudogap in the normal layer by an enhancement of the density of states above
its normal state value for energies near the chemical potential. The robustness
of this effect towards inelastic scattering, impurity scattering, and the
depletion of the superconducting order parameter close to the interface is
investigated. We also study the inverse proximity effect in the diffusive
limit. We find that the above-mentioned conversion persists also for thin
superconducting layers comparable in size to the superconducting coherence
length , as long as the inverse proximity effect is relatively
weak. Concomitantly, we find a shift in the critical interface resistance where
the pairing conversion occurs. Our findings suggest a robust and simple method
for producing purely odd-frequency superconducting correlations, that can be
tested experimentally.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures. Submitted to Physical Review. Chosen as
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How German Online Retailers Price Foods: An Empirical Analysis for Chocolate Products
Despite the increasing importance of online grocery retailing, little is known about price dispersion across online providers, the relation between online and offline prices as well as the frequency of price adjustments. We employ means of descriptive and inductive statistics as well as panel econometrics to address these issues for German online food retailers. Daily online prices for twelve chocolate products charged by eight pure online and multichannel retailers and collected over three months are investigated. Information economics suggests that a maturing online market will call forth more price homogeneity online due to lower search costs by consumers as well as more flexible prices due to lower costs of price adjustments by retailers. Our results suggest, however, that neither homogenous prices nor frequent price adjustments do occur on the German online chocolate market
Novel Superconducting States in Hybrid Devices
We discuss different scenarios which allow for inducing unconventional superconducting pairing correlations in heterostructures. Specifically, we investigate superconductor-ferromagnet hybrids using a recent extension of the Quasiclassical Theory of Superconductivity and discuss both the long range triplet Josephson effect and point contact spectra. In the second part, we investigate a microscopic model of the superconducting proximity effect in topological insulators
A Numerical Study of the Superconducting Proximity Effect in Topological Surface States
We study the superconducting proximity effect induced in the surface states
of the 3-d topological insulator BiSe by a singlet, s-wave
superconductor deposited on its surface. To this effect, the
-Hamiltonian of BiSe and the BCS-Hamiltonian
are mapped onto tight-binding chains which we couple through a
transfer-Hamiltonian at the interface. We then employ the Recursive Green's
Function technique to obtain the local spectral function and infer the
dispersion of the interface-states from it. In agreement with earlier
microscopic studies of this problem, we find that the Fu-Kane model is a
reasonable approximation at energies . However,
for energies close to the SC bulk gap, the Fu-Kane model is expected to break
down. Indeed, our numerical calculations show strong modifications of the
interface-state dispersion for . We find
that the proximity effect can be strong enough to induce a gap in the surface
state that is comparable to the superconducting gap. An analysis of the spatial
profile of the states shows that their weight shifts towards the SC as the
coupling strength increases. We conclude that an intermediate coupling is ideal
for realising the Fu-Kane scenario.Comment: JOP: Conference Series (Proceedings of SCES 2011), accepte
Theory of superconductor-ferromagnet point-contact spectra: The case of strong spin polarization
We study the impact of spin-active scattering on Andreev spectra of point contacts between superconductors (SC) and strongly spin-polarized ferromagnets (FM) using recently derived boundary conditions for the quasiclassical theory of superconductivity. We describe the interface region by a microscopic model for the interface scattering matrix. Our model includes both spin filtering and spin mixing and is nonperturbative in both transmission and spin polarization. We emphasize the importance of spin-mixing caused by interface scattering, which has been shown to be crucial for the creation of exotic pairing correlations in such structures. We provide estimates for the magnitude of this effect in different scenarios and discuss its dependence on various physical parameters. Our main finding is that the shape of the interface potential has a tremendous impact on the magnitude of the spin-mixing effect. Thus, all previous calculations, being based on delta-function or box-shaped interface potentials, underestimate this effect gravely. As a consequence, we find that with realistic interface potentials the spin-mixing effect can easily be large enough to cause spin-polarized subgap Andreev bound states in SC/FM point contacts. In addition, we show that our theory generalizes earlier models based on the Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk approach
Inverse proximity effect and influence of disorder on triplet supercurrents in strongly spin-polarized ferromagnets
We discuss the Josephson effect in strongly spin-polarized ferromagnets where
triplet correlations are induced by means of spin-active interface scattering,
extending our earlier work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 227005 (2009)] by including
impurity scattering in the ferromagnetic bulk and the inverse proximity effect
in a fully self-consistent way. Our quasiclassical approach accounts for the
differences of Fermi momenta and Fermi velocities between the two spin bands of
the ferromagnet, and thereby overcomes an important short-coming of previous
work within the framework of Usadel theory. We show that non-magnetic disorder
in conjunction with spin-dependent Fermi velocities may induce a reversal of
the spin-current as a function of temperature.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure
Complications and Short-Term Explantation Rate Following Artificial Urinary Sphincter Implantation: Results from a Large Middle European Multi-Institutional Case Series
Background/Aims/Objectives: To analyze perioperative complication and short-term explantation rates after perineal or penoscrotal single-cuff and double-cuff artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) implantation in a large middle European multi-institutional patient cohort. Methods: 467 male patients with stress urinary incontinence underwent implantation of a perineal single-cuff (n = 152), penoscrotal single-cuff (n = 99), or perinea! double-cuff (n = 216) AUS between 2010 and 2012. Postoperative complications and 6-month explantation rates were assessed. For statistical analysis, Fisher's exact test and Kruskal Wallis rank sum test, and a multiple logistic regression model were used (p < 0.05). Results: Compared to perineal single-cuff AUS, penoscrotal single-cuff implantation led to significantly increased short-term explantation rates (8.6% (perinea)) vs. 19.2% (penoscrotal), p = 0.019). The postoperative infection rate was significantly higher after double-cuff compared to single cuff implantation (6.0% (single-cuff) vs. 13.9% (double-cuff), p = 0.019). The short-term explantation rate after primary double-cuff placement was 6.5% (p = 0.543 vs. perineal single -cuff). In multivariate analysis, the penoscrotal approach (p = 0.004), intraoperative complications (p = 0.005), postoperative bleeding (p = 0.011), and perioperative infection (p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for short-term explantation. Conclusions: Providing data from a large contemporary multi-institutional patient cohortfrom high-volume and low-volume institutions, our results reflect the current standard of care in middle Europe. We indicate that the penoscrotal approach is an independent risk factor for increased short-term explantation rates. (C) 2016 S. Karger AG, Base