Real-time PCR tests to specifically detect IHHNV lineages and an IHHNV EVE integrated in the genome of Penaeus monodon

Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) can cause mass mortalities in western blue shrimp Penaeus stylirostris, runt deformity syndrome in Pacific white shrimp P. vannamei and scalloped abdominal shell deformities in black tiger shrimp P. monodon. In P. monodon, however, PCR-based diagnosis of IHHNV can be complicated by the presence of a chromosome-integrated, non-replicating endogenous viral element (EVE). To facilitate high-throughput screening of P. monodon for IHHNV infection and/or EVE sequences, here we report real-time PCR tests designed to specifically detect IHHNV Lineage I, II and III but not EVE Type A sequences and vice versa. Using 10 dsDNA copies of plasmid (p)DNA controls containing either IHHNV or EVE-Type A sequences, both tests displayed absolute specificity. The IHHNV-q309 PCR reliably detected down to =10 copies of pDNA, at which levels a 309F/R PCR amplicon was just detectable, and the presence of an IHHNV-EVE sequence did not significantly impact its sensitivity. The IHHNV-qEVE PCR was similarly sensitive. Testing of batches of P. monodon clinical samples from Vietnam/Malaysia and Australia identified good diagnostic concordance between the IHHNV-q309 and 309F/R PCR tests. As expected for a sequence integrated into host chromosomal DNA, IHHNV-qEVE PCR Ct values were highly uniform among samples from shrimp in which an EVE was present. The highly specific and sensitive IHHNV-q309 and IHHNV-qEVE real-time PCR tests described here should prove useful for selecting broodstock free of IHHNV infection and in maintaining breeding populations of P. monodon specific pathogen free for IHHNV, and if desired, also free of IHHNV-EVE sequences

The effects of adding microbial biomass to grow-out and maturation feeds on the reproductive performance of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon

A 40-day reproductive performance trial was conducted to assess the effect of targeted supplementation of Penaeus monodon broodstock grow-out and maturation diets with microbial biomass (MB). Over a seven month grow-out period, shrimp were fed a typical pelleted grow-out diet with or without 10% MB. Broodstock were then transferred to a maturation facility and a subset of animals from each grow-out diet fed on a typical fresh-frozen maturation diet that included a pellet ration with or without 30% MB (5.5% of total diet fed). At nine months of age, female broodstock were unilaterally eyestalk-ablated and reproductive assessments commenced. No significant difference in ovary maturation, hepatosomatic index, spawning and egg and nauplii production parameters was found between diet treatments (p= > 0.05). However, females originating from control ponds displayed a higher gonadosomatic index at first spawn, whilst the percentage of eggs that hatched was lower in females fed a MB-inclusive maturation diet (p= < 0.05). These results indicate that the inclusion of MB within broodstock grow-out and maturation diets (at the rates presented in this study) did not enhance reproductive performance of domesticated broodstock

Bioeconomic modelling of hatchery, grow-out and combined business of Australian black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon farming

Penaeus monodon is the primary shrimp species farmed in Australia. Based on an extensive survey of the literature and industry information, we identified and compiled 318 different parameters related to shrimp aquaculture enterprises and production. Using these as input parameters, we performed detailed bioeconomic modelling for evaluating the economic viability of intensive culture scenarios and identified the major drivers of business profitability under Australian conditions. Three business types (hatchery, grow-out and combined hatchery + grow-out) were evaluated by simulating varying numbers of female broodstock and ponds in operation based on annual, six-monthly, quarterly and monthly stocking events per year over a 10-year period. Net present value was the main economic variable for comparison. The hatchery business was most profitable in scenario with 250 females being spawned monthly or 500 females at least quarterly, that is, >2000 females spawned per year. Feed, acquisition of broodstock and fixed labour were major costs for hatchery scenarios. For a grow-out business, all scenarios were profitable even at the smallest scale modelled (50 ponds stocked annually). Feed, power and purchase of post-larvae were major costs for grow-out business. The combined business was the most profitable for a large enterprise and required at least 100 ponds stocked over the year. The three major costs in the combined business were feed, power and labour. Sensitivity analyses showed feed cost and survival parameters were critical for profitability

The effect of ionizing irradiation of post-larvae on subsequent survival and reproductive performance in the Kuruma shrimp, Penaeus (Marmpenaeus) japonicus (Bate)

Considerable genetic advances in the Kuruma shrimp, Penaeus (Marsupenaeus)japonicus, have been achieved in the last decade, creating the demand for a technique to provide genetic copyright and prevent escapees from farm,ponds genetically contributing to natural fishery populations. The induction of sexual sterility is one technique that may provide such protection. This study evaluated the potential of sterilizing reproductive age (10 month old) P. japonicus by ionizing irradiation (IR) treatment at an early life-history stage. To achieve this, a lethal dose curve was established for post-larval stage 15 (PL15) shrimp by treating with different doses of IR. From this curve, six irradiation levels - all below the 100% mortality treatment - were trialed, ranging from 0 to 30 Gray (Gy). Another group of PL15 Pjaponicus were subsequently exposed to the six IR treatments and then reared until sexual maturity, at which time their survival and reproductive performance were assessed. At 8 months of age, females and males from each of the 0, 10, 15 and 20 Gy treatment groups were reciprocally crossed to give 16 mating combinations, whilst females and males from each of the 25 and 30 Gy treatment groups were directly crossed with 0 Gy shrimp of the opposite gender to give four direct mating crosses. At 10 months of age, all females had their reproductive performance assessed in a standardized 30 day trial. The percentage of females maturing and spawning in the 0 Gy treatment group (80.97 +/- 5.5% and 69.9 +/- 5.77%) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than for I R treated females in the 10, 15 and 20 Gy treatment groups (63.93 +/- 5.34%, 61.68 +/- 5.77% and 43.66 +/- 6.03% for percentage maturations and 51.44 +/- 5.5%, 49.69 +/- 6.04% and 38.94 +/- 6.31% for percentage spawnings). Similarly, the number of maturations and spawnings per female in the 0 Gy treatment group (1.50 +/- 0.13 and 1.24 +/- 0.12) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than for IR treated females in the 10, 15, and 20 Gy treatment groups (1.13 +/- 0.12, 1.04 +/- 0.13 and 0.76 +/- 0.14 for the number of maturations and 0.88 +/- 0.12, 0.84 +/- 0.13 and 0.67 +/- 0.13 for the number of spawnings). The effects of IR on protozoeal metamorphosis varied. No differences in fecundity, hatch rates, gonadal somatic indices or gonadal histology were found between control and irradiated shrimp. These results indicate that IR of PL15 P. japonicus had some effect on ovarian maturation and spawning, however IR was not able to confer sterility in shrimp. Treatment of PL15s with IR that does not result in death (i.e. between 10 and 30 Gy) is therefore not effective at preventing the production of some viable offspring. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Intensification of Penaeid Shrimp Culture: An Applied Review of Advances in Production Systems, Nutrition and Breeding

Intensification of the shrimp sector, also referred to as vertical expansion, has been predominately driven by consecutive incidences of global disease outbreaks, which have caused enormous economic loss for the main producer countries. A growing segment of the shrimp farming industry has opted to use production systems with higher density, biosecurity, and operating control to mitigate the risks posed by disease. However, successful super-intensive shrimp production is reliant on an advanced understanding of many important biological and economic parameters in the farming system, coupled with effective monitoring, to maintain optimal production. Compared to traditional extensive or semi-intensive systems, super-intensive systems require higher inputs of feed, energy, labor, and supplements. These systems are highly sensitive to the interactions between these different inputs and require that the biological and economical parameters of farming are carefully balanced to ensure success. Advancing nutritional knowledge and tools to support consistent and efficient production of shrimp in these high-cost super-intensive systems is also necessary. Breeding programs developing breeding-lines selected for these challenging super-intensive environments are critical. Understanding synergies between the key areas of production systems, nutrition, and breeding are crucial for super-intensive farming as all three areas coalesce to influence the health of shrimp and commercial farming success. This article reviews current strategies and innovations being used for Litopenaeus vannamei in production systems, nutrition, and breeding, and discusses the synergies across these areas that can support the production of healthy and high-quality shrimp in super-intensive systems. Finally, we briefly discuss some key issues of social license pertinent to the super-intensive shrimp farming industry

De novo assembly, characterization, functional annotation and expression patterns of the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) transcriptome

The black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) remains the second most widely cultured shrimp species globally; however, issues with disease and domestication have seen production levels stagnate over the past two decades. To help identify innovative solutions needed to resolve bottlenecks hampering the culture of this species, it is important to generate genetic and genomic resources. Towards this aim, we have produced the most complete publicly available P. monodon transcriptome database to date based on nine adult tissues and eight early life-history stages (BUSCO - Complete: 98.2% [Duplicated: 51.3%], Fragmented: 0.8%, Missing: 1.0%). The assembly resulted in 236,388 contigs, which were then further segregated into 99,203 adult tissue specific and 58,678 early life-history stage specific clusters. While annotation rates were low (approximately 30%), as is typical for a non-model organisms, annotated transcript clusters were successfully mapped to several hundred functional KEGG pathways. Transcripts were clustered into groups within tissues and early life-history stages, providing initial evidence for their roles in specific tissue functions, or developmental transitions. We expect the transcriptome to provide an essential resource to investigate the molecular basis of commercially relevant-significant traits in P. monodon and other shrimp species.status: publishe

Dennis Pardee, Les textes hippiatriques (Ras Shamra-Ougarit II). Paris, 1985, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, A.D.P.F., «Mémoire» n° 53.

Del Olmo Lete Gregorio. Dennis Pardee, Les textes hippiatriques (Ras Shamra-Ougarit II). Paris, 1985, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, A.D.P.F., «Mémoire» n° 53.. In: Syria. Tome 65 fascicule 1-2, 1988. pp. 243-246

Genome assembly of the Australian black tiger shrimp (<i>Penaeus monodon</i>) reveals a novel fragmented IHHNV EVE sequence

AbstractShrimp are a valuable aquaculture species globally; however, disease remains a major hindrance to shrimp aquaculture sustainability and growth. Mechanisms mediated by endogenous viral elements have been proposed as a means by which shrimp that encounter a new virus start to accommodate rather than succumb to infection over time. However, evidence on the nature of such endogenous viral elements and how they mediate viral accommodation is limited. More extensive genomic data on Penaeid shrimp from different geographical locations should assist in exposing the diversity of endogenous viral elements. In this context, reported here is a PacBio Sequel-based draft genome assembly of an Australian black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodonP. monodo