3,854 research outputs found
The first WIMPy halos
Dark matter direct and indirect detection signals depend crucially on the
dark matter distribution. While the formation of large scale structure is
independent of the nature of the cold dark matter (CDM), the fate of
inhomogeneities on sub-galactic scales, and hence the present day CDM
distribution on these scales, depends on the micro-physics of the CDM
particles. We study the density contrast of Weakly Interacting Massive
Particles (WIMPs) on sub-galactic scales. We calculate the damping of the
primordial power spectrum due to collisional damping and free-streaming of
WIMPy CDM and show that free-streaming leads to a CDM power spectrum with a
sharp cut-off at about . We also calculate the transfer
function for the growth of the inhomogeneities in the linear regime, taking
into account the suppression in the growth of the CDM density contrast after
matter-radiation equality due to baryons and show that our analytic results are
in good agreement with numerical calculations. Combining the transfer function
with the damping of the primordial fluctuations we produce a WMAP normalized
primordial CDM power spectrum, which can serve as an input for high resolution
CDM simulations. We find that the smallest inhomogeneities typically have
co-moving radius of about 1 pc and enter the non-linear regime at a redshift of
. We study the effect of scale dependence of the primordial power
spectrum on these numbers and also use the spherical collapse model to make
simple estimates of the properties of the first generation of WIMP halos to
form. We find that the very first WIMPy halos may have a significant impact on
indirect dark matter searches.Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures. Version to appear in JCAP, includes
clarification of the differences with respect to Loeb and Zaldarriaga
astro-ph/0504112 calculation (bottom line is that the mass cut-off scales
differ by a factor of order a few
Nucleon form factors with light Wilson quarks
We present nucleon observables - primarily isovector vector form factors -
from calculations using 2+1 flavors of Wilson quarks. One ensemble is used for
a dedicated high-precision study of excited-state effects using five
source-sink separations between 0.7 and 1.6 fm. We also present results from a
larger set of calculations that include an ensemble with pion mass 149 MeV and
box size 5.6 fm, which nearly eliminates the uncertainty associated with
extrapolation to the physical pion mass. The results show agreement with
experiment for the vector form factors, which occurs only when excited-state
contributions are reduced. Finally, we show results from a subset of ensembles
that have pion mass 254 MeV with varying temporal and spatial box sizes, which
we use for a controlled study of finite-volume effects and a test of the
"" rule of thumb.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Talk presented at the 31st International
Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2013), July 29-August 3, 2013,
Mainz, German
Computing the nucleon charge and axial radii directly at in lattice QCD
We describe a procedure for extracting momentum derivatives of nucleon matrix
elements on the lattice directly at . This is based on the Rome method
for computing momentum derivatives of quark propagators. We apply this
procedure to extract the nucleon isovector magnetic moment and charge radius as
well as the isovector induced pseudoscalar form factor at and the axial
radius. For comparison, we also determine these quantities with the traditional
approach of computing the corresponding form factors, i.e. and
for the case of the vector current and and
for the axial current, at multiple values followed by
-expansion fits. We perform our calculations at the physical pion mass using
a 2HEX-smeared Wilson-clover action. To control the effects of excited-state
contamination, the calculations were done at three source-sink separations and
the summation method was used. The derivative method produces results
consistent with those from the traditional approach but with larger statistical
uncertainties especially for the isovector charge and axial radii.Comment: 16 pages, 7 figure
High-precision calculation of the strange nucleon electromagnetic form factors
We report a direct lattice QCD calculation of the strange nucleon
electromagnetic form factors and in the kinematic range . For the first time, both and
are shown to be nonzero with high significance. This work uses
closer-to-physical lattice parameters than previous calculations, and achieves
an unprecedented statistical precision by implementing a recently proposed
variance reduction technique called hierarchical probing. We perform
model-independent fits of the form factor shapes using the -expansion and
determine the strange electric and magnetic radii and magnetic moment. We
compare our results to parity-violating electron-proton scattering data and to
other theoretical studies.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. v2: references adde
Nucleon structure with pion mass down to 149 MeV
We present isovector nucleon observables: the axial, tensor, and scalar
charges and the Dirac radius. Using the BMW clover-improved Wilson action and
pion masses as low as 149 MeV, we achieve good control over chiral
extrapolation to the physical point. Our analysis is done using three different
source-sink separations in order to identify excited-state effects, and we make
use of the summation method to reduce their size.Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. Talk presented at the 30th International
Symposium on Lattice Field Theory (Lattice 2012), June 24-29, 2012, Cairns,
Australi
The moss Bryum argenteum var. muticum Brid. is well adapted to cope with high light in continental Antarctica
The net photosynthetic rate (NP), chlorophyll fluorescence, carotenoid content and chlorophyll content of the cosmopolitan moss Bryum argenteum were measured in the field at Botany Bay, southern Victoria Land, continental Antarctica (77°S). Comparisons were made between sun- and shade-adapted forms, and changes were followed as the moss emerged from under the snow and during exposure of shade and sun forms to ambient light. Shade forms had lower light compensation and saturation values for NP but little difference in maximal NP rates. Shade forms exposed to ambient light changed rapidly (within five days) towards the performance of the sun forms. Surprisingly, this change was not by acclimation of shoots but by the production of new shoots. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels measured on a molar chlorophyll basis showed no difference between sun and shade forms and also little change during emergence. The constant molar relationship between carotenoids and chlorophyll plus the high levels of the xanthophyll cycle pigments suggest that protection of the chlorophyll antenna was constitutive. This is an adaptation to the very high light levels that occur when the plants are active in continental Antarctica and contrasts to the situation in more temperate areas where high light is normally avoided by desiccation
Photosynthetic performance of Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge in coastal habitats, Ross Sea region, continental Antarctica
Xanthoria mawsonii C. W. Dodge was found to perform well physiologically in a variety of habitats at high latitudes in continental Antarctica. The net photosynthetic rate of 7•5 μ mol CO2 kg−1 s−1 is exceptionally high for Antarctic lichens. Field and laboratory measurements proved the photosynthetic apparatus to be highly adapted to strong irradiance. The cold resistance of the photosystem II reaction centres is higher than the photosynthetic CO2 fixation process. Optimum temperature for net photosynthesis was c. 10°C. The lichen grows along water channels where it is frequently inundated and hydrated to maximum water content, although net photosynthesis is strongly depressed by super saturation. In these habitats the lichen is photosynthetically active for long periods of time. Xanthoria mawsonii also grows at sites where it depends entirely on the early spring snow melt and occasional snow fall for moisture. It has an exceptionally short reactivation phase and is able to utilize snow immediately. Recovery of activity by absorbing water vapour from air, though practically possible, seems to be of ecological importance only under snow at subzero temperatures
Fourteen degrees of latitude and a continent apart: comparison of lichen activity over two years at continental and maritime Antarctic sites
There are marked declines in precipitation, mean temperatures and the number of lichen species with increasing latitude in Antarctica. However, it is not known which factors are the predominant controllers of biodiversity changes. Results are presented from over two years of almost continuous monitoring of both microclimate and activity in lichens at Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, 62°S, and Botany Bay, Ross Sea region, 77°S. Lichen activity was evident over a much longer period at Livingston Island, (3694 versus 897 hours) and could occur in any month whereas it was almost completely confined to the period November–February at Botany Bay. Mean air temperatures were much lower at Botany Bay (-18° compared to -1.5°C at Livingston Island), but the temperatures at which the lichens were active were almost identical at around 2°C at both sites. When the lichens were active incident light at Botany Bay was very much higher. The differences are related to the availability of meltwater which only occurs at times of high light and warm temperatures at Botany Bay. Temperature as a direct effect does not seem to explain the differences in biodiversity between the sites, but an indirect effect through active hours is much more probable. In addition there are negative effects of stresses such as high light and extreme winter cold at Botany Bay
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