AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE MANAGERS AND THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

Managers of agricultural cooperatives were contacted to determine their knowledge/capabilities and perspectives of the cooperative environment with special emphasis given to the importance of cooperative principles to the operation and success of the business, division of responsibility between management and the board of directors, and business decision making in the areas of financial analysis plus selected scenarios. Managers showed strong adherence to traditional cooperative principles and basic decision areas. Self-assessments were positive and consistent with performance measures. The opportunity exists to improve manager knowledge/capabilities related to cooperative principles, division of responsibility between managers and the board, and financial analysis.board of directors, cooperative principles, cooperatives (agricultural), leadership, management, managers, Agribusiness,

Houses and households in County Durham and Newcastle c.1570-1730.

In 2 volsAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN042760 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreSIGLEGBUnited Kingdo

Standing Buildings and Built Heritage

This essay examines the available archive of articles on standing buildings published in Post-Medieval Archaeology. After setting out some general trends evident in a brief analysis of the number of buildings archaeology articles published over the last 50 years, their subjects and authors, this essay places these articles in three key wider contexts: the relationship of buildings archaeology to architectural history; buildings archaeology in Post-Medieval Archaeology in an international context; and the Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology’s relative lack of engagement with modern buildings and contemporary built heritage

Mechanisms of burst release from pH-responsive polymeric microparticles.

Microencapsulation of drugs into preformed polymers is commonly achieved through solvent evaporation techniques or spray drying. We compared these encapsulation methods in terms of controlled drug release properties of the prepared microparticles and investigated the underlying mechanisms responsible for the “burst release” effect. Using two different pH-responsive polymers with a dissolution threshold of pH 6 (Eudragit L100 and AQOAT AS-MG), hydrocortisone, a model hydrophobic drug, was incorporated into microparticles below and above its solubility within the polymer matrix. Although, spray drying is an attractive approach due to rapid particle production and relatively low solvent waste, the oil-in-oil microencapsulation method is superior in terms of controlled drug release properties from the microparticles. Slow solvent evaporation during the oil-in-oil emulsification process allows adequate time for drug and polymer redistribution in the microparticles and reduces uncontrolled drug burst release. Electron microscopy showed that this slower manufacturing procedure generated non-porous particles whereas thermal analysis and X-ray diffractometry showed that drug loading above the solubility limit of the drug in the polymer generated excess crystalline drug on the surface of the particles. Raman spectral mapping illustrated that drug was homogeneously distributed as a solid solution in the particles when loaded below saturation in the polymer with consequently minimal burst release

Recent irreversible retreat phase of Pine Island Glacier

Pine Island Glacier (PIG), a part of the West Antarctic marine ice sheet, has recently undergone substantial changes including speed up, retreat and thinning. Theoretical arguments and modelling work suggest that marine ice sheets can become unstable and undergo irreversible retreat. Here, we use an ice-flow model validated by observational data to show that a rapid PIG retreat in the 1970s from a subglacial ridge to an upstream ice plain was self-enhancing and irreversible. The results suggest that by the early 1970s, the retreat of PIG had reached a point beyond which its original position at the ridge could not be recovered, even during subsequent periods of cooler ocean conditions. The irreversible phase ended by the early 1990s after almost 40 km of retreat and 0.34 mm added to global mean sea level, making PIG the main contributor from the Antarctic ice sheet in this period

Effects of Foster Care Trauma on Foster Care Alumni’s Mental Health in Adulthood

Child welfare system involvement leads to foster care more for racial minority children than White children, and after exiting foster care racial minority alumni face disparate outcomes. The purpose of this generic qualitative study was to explore the effects of trauma experienced in foster care on racial minority foster care alumni’s mental health in adulthood. Trauma theory and information processing theory provided the frameworks for the study. Data were collected from semistructured interviews with eight racial minority foster care alumni age 18 and older. Findings from coding analysis indicated three themes and two subthemes. The adult mental health effects of the trauma experienced in foster care included severed relationships caused by foster care placement continuing, unintended behavioral consequences, and declined mental health treatment. Additional outcomes were alumni viewed foster care as challenging but lifesaving, and they suffered from poor sleep and anxiety. Findings may provide firsthand information regarding the effects of social work policies and practices that impact alumni outcomes, and may encourage those working with this population to prioritize family and supportive relationships and trauma healing

Using pH abnormalities in diseased skin to trigger and target topical therapy

Abstract Purpose: The pH discrepancy between healthy and atopic dermatitis skin was identified as a site specific trigger for delivering hydrocortisone from microcapsules. Methods: Using Eudragit L100, a pH-responsive polymer which dissolves at pH 6, hydrocortisone-loaded microparticles were produced by oil-in-oil microencapsulation or spray drying. Release and permeation of hydrocortisone from microparticles alone or in gels was assessed and preliminary stability data was determined. Results: Drug release from microparticles was pH-dependent though the particles produced by spray drying also gave significant non-pH dependent burst release, resulting from their porous nature or from drug enrichment on the surface of these particles. This pH-responsive release was maintained upon incorporation of the oil-in-oil microparticles into Carbopol- and HPMC-based gel formulations. In-vitro studies showed 4 to 5-fold higher drug permeation through porcine skin from the gels at pH 7 compared to pH 5. Conclusions: Permeation studies showed that the oil-in-oil generated particles deliver essentially no drug at normal (intact) skin pH (5.0 – 5.5) but that delivery can be triggered and targeted to atopic dermatitis skin where the pH is elevated. The incorporation of these microparticles into Carbopol- and HPMC-based aqueous gel formulations demonstrated good stability and pH-responsive permeation into porcine skin

Melt sensitivity of irreversible retreat of Pine Island Glacier

In recent decades, glaciers in the Amundsen Sea Embayment in West Antarctica have made the largest contribution to mass loss from the entire Antarctic Ice Sheet. Glacier retreat and acceleration have led to concerns about the stability of the region and the effects of future climate change. Coastal thinning and near-synchronous increases in ice flux across neighbouring glaciers suggest that ocean-driven melting is one of the main drivers of mass imbalance. However, the response of individual glaciers to changes in ocean conditions varies according to their local geometry. One of the largest and fastest-flowing of these glaciers, Pine Island Glacier (PIG), underwent a retreat from a subglacial ridge in the 1940s following a period of unusually warm conditions. Despite subsequent cooler periods, the glacier failed to recover back to the ridge and continued retreating to its present-day position. Here, we use the ice-flow model Úa to investigate the sensitivity of this retreat to changes in basal melting. We show that a short period of increased basal melt was sufficient to force the glacier from its stable position on the ridge and undergo an irreversible retreat to the next topographic high. Once high melting begins upstream of the ridge, only near-zero melt rates can stop the retreat, indicating a possible hysteresis in the system. Our results suggest that unstable and irreversible responses to warm anomalies are possible and can lead to substantial changes in ice flux over relatively short periods of only a few decades.</p

Detection and Removal of Global and Local Noise in Realtime Video Streams

Despite the steady advancement of digital camera technology, noise is an ever present problem with image processing. Low light levels, fast camera motion, and even sources of electromagnetic fields such as electric motors can degrade image quality and increase noise levels. Many approaches to remove this noise from images concentrate on a single image, although more data relevant to noise removal can be obtained from video streams. This paper discusses the advantages of using multiple images over an individual image when removing both local noise, such as salt and pepper noise, and global noise, such as motion blur